| Participants with normal glucose tolerance (N = 1,057) | Participants with type 2 diabetes (N = 788) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 38.5 ± 13.6 | 50.6 ± 11.1 | <0.0001 |
Gender (men/women) | 608/ 449 | 433/355 | 0.2* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.5 | 25.2 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
Fasting Glucose (mmol/l) | 4.7 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 |
Fasting Insulin (lIU/mL) | 8.2 ± 5.6 | 11.6 ± 7.0 | <0.0001 |
Total serum Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
Serum TAG (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 |
HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.12 ± 0.25 | 1.08 ± 0.24 | 0.003 |
LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.56 ± 0.47 | 8.64 ± 2.26 | <0.0001 |
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 117.0 ± 17.4 | 128.9 ± 21.5 | <0.0001 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 11.2 | 77.1 ± 12.0 | <0.0001 |
Protein intake (energy %) | 11.3 ± 1.2 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 0.03 |
Carbohydrate intake (energy %) | 64.4 ± 6.4 | 64.9 ± 5.8 | 0.1 |
Fat intake (energy %) | 23.5 ± 4.7 | 23.4 ± 4.6 | 0.8 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2627.2 ± 725.4 | 2533.5 ± 907.2 | 0.02 |
Total saturated fat intake (%) | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
Total monounsaturated fat (%) | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.0002 |
Total polyunsaturated fat (%) | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.04 |