Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Age (years)

63.7 ± 13.4

66.4 ± 13.0

60.8 ± 13.3

0.002

Gender, female, n (%)

68 (31.9)

47 (43.1)

21 (20.2)

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 4.1

25.2 ± 4.3

22.2 ± 3.2

<0.001

 BMI ≥ 25 kg/m², n (%)

72 (33.8)

52 (47.7)

20 (19.2)

<0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

146.0 ± 20.8

147.3 ± 21.4

144.8 ± 20.3

0.416

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

82.1 ± 10.9

81.4 ± 11.1

83.4 ± 10.2

0.301

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

39 (18.3)

24 (22.0)

15 (14.4)

0.064

0.044

 Diabetes, n (%)

135 (63.8)

75 (68.8)

60 (57.7)

 Hypertension (%)

53 (83.6)

27 (24.8)

26 (25.0)

 Glomerulonephritis, n (%)

13 (6.1)

1 (0.9)

12 (11.5)

 Others, n (%)

12 (5.6)

6 (5.5)

6 (5.8)

 PBF (%)

30.0 ± 10.5

37.5 ± 5.4

21.3 ± 7.8

<0.001

 Fat tissue index (FTI)

9.7 ± 4.4

12.7 ± 3.5

6.5 ± 2.6

<0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

8.9 ± 1.6

9.1 ± 1.5

8.7 ± 1.6

0.132

 Serum albumin (g/dL)

3.57 ± 0.56

3.64 ± 0.54

3.49 ± 0.57

0.076

 Total calcium (mg/dL)

8.1 ± 0.9

8.1 ± 0.9

8.0 ± 0.8

0.267

 Corrected calcium (mg/dL)

7.9 ± 1.8

7.9 ± 1.8

7.8 ± 1.8

0.585

 Phosphorus (mg/dL)

5.2 ± 0.83

5.2 ± 1.6

5.3 ± 2.0

0.400

 Intact PTH

233.0 ± 171.5

236.9 ± 162.3

228.7 ± 182.0

0.743

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

158.5 ± 42.9

162.8 ± 45.5

153.8 ± 39.7

0.152

 HDL- cholesterol (mg/dL)

43.5 ± 14.4

41.3 ± 12.9

45.8 ± 15.5

0.035

 LDL- cholesterol (mg/dL)

93.4 ± 33.7

99.1 ± 36.0

87.2 ± 29.9

0.022

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

124.6 ± 68.9

141.3 ± 73.2

106.6 ± 59.3

0.001

 ln_hs-CRP

0.43 ± 1.24

0.68 ± 1.31

0.13 ± 1.10

0.002

 25 (OH) vitamin D^a

4.4 (2.2-8.0)

3.8 (2.2-6.7)

6.1 (2.6-10.1)

0.002

   < 3 ng/mL

73 (34.3)

44 (40.4)

29 (27.9)

<0.001

  3-10 ng/mL

90 (42.3)

53 (48.6)

37 (35.6)

  10-20 ng/mL

48 (22.5)

12 (11.0)

36 (34.6)

   ≥ 20 ng/mL

2 (0.9)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.9)

 1, 25 (OH) vitamin D^a

17.8 (12.1-22.7)

18.0 (12.1-25.5)

17.5 (12.8-21.6)

0.554

 ln_leptin

1.86 ± 1.52

2.62 ± 1.07

0.86 ± 1.46

<0.001