Fig. 5

A high fructose diet lowers NADPH and GSH levels required for scavenging of ROS in liver tissues of A/A ^Hep middle-aged mice. a Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the expression of selected mRNAs (ROS-defense genes) in liver tissues from 13-month-old Cont. and A/A ^Hep mice fed an RD or an HFrD for 5 wks. Data are means ± SEM (n = 4 ~ 5 mice per group); *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001; RD vs HFrD in the same genotype, ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01; Cont. vs A/A ^Hep. b Western blot analysis of antioxidant proteins in liver lysates from 13-month-old Cont. and A/A ^Hep mice fed an RD or an HFrD for 5 wks. c Densitometric quantification of protein expression levels in (b). Values were normalized against tubulin levels. Data are means ± SEM (n = 3 or 4 mice per group); ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01; Cont. vs A/A ^Hep and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; RD vs HFrD in the same genotype. d Quantification of NADP and NADPH levels in liver tissues of animals fed an RD or an HFrD for 5 wks. Data are means ± SEM (n = 4 ~ 5 mice per group); *p < 0.05; RD vs HFrD, ^# p < 0.05; Cont. vs A/A ^Hep. e Quantification of GSH and GSSG levels in liver tissues of animals fed an RD or an HFrD for 5 wks. Data are means ± SEM (n = 4 ~ 5 mice per group); ^# p < 0.05 and ^### p < 0.001; Cont. vs A/A ^Hep