Almonds ameliorate glycemic control in Chinese patients with better controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial

Table 4 Changes in serum biomarkers of glucoregulation after the consumption of either control (CON) or almond (ALM) diet for 12 weeks^a

	CON		ALM
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	P-value ^b
All subjects (n = 33)
HbA1c (%)	7.47 ± 1.12	7.45 ± 0.80	7.51 ± 0.97	7.39 ± 1.05	0.626
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)	146.5 ± 37.9	139.6 ± 33.1	140.7 ± 30.9	140.3 ± 36.8	0.587
Fasting serum insulin (mU/l)	11.2 ± 4.9	12.3 ± 6.0	10.4 ± 4.6	11.8 ± 5.7	0.782
HOMA-IR	4.00 ± 2.08	4.24 ± 2.70	3.58 ± 1.75	3.98 ± 1.98	0.833
C-peptide (ng/ml)	2.64 ± 1.12	2.60 ± 1.25	2.48 ± 0.94	2.73 ± 1.22	0.082
Postprandial glucose AUC (mg/dl∙min)	37,424 ± 7681	36,415 ± 7250	35,768 ± 7379	37,706 ± 8490	0.110
Postprandial insulin AUC (mU/l∙min)	3975 ± 2353	4690 ± 3327	4055 ± 2964	4345 ± 2791	0.557
Subjects with HbA1c ≤8 (n = 27)
HbA1c (%)	7.07 ± 0.58	7.23 ± 0.63	7.18 ± 0.64	7.01 ± 0.62	0.043
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dl)	134.3 ± 24.8	137.4 ± 26.7	132.8 ± 24.8	129.3 ± 25.6	0.011
Fasting serum insulin (mU/l)	11.2 ± 5.0	12.9 ± 6.4	10.8 ± 4.8	12.0 ± 5.7	0.660
HOMA-IR	3.73 ± 2.13	4.35 ± 2.92	3.56 ± 1.80	3.83 ± 2.05	0.416
C-peptide (ng/ml)	2.62 ± 1.07	2.70 ± 1.26	2.53 ± 0.95	2.76 ± 1.23	0.351
Postprandial glucose AUC (mg/dl∙min)	34,997 ± 5591	35,921 ± 6404	34,133 ± 6477	35,637 ± 7177	0.795
Postprandial insulin AUC (mU/l∙min)	4051 ± 2424	5029 ± 3487	4284 ± 3143	4508 ± 2760	0.377

^aData are presented as mean ± SD
^bP-values illustrate significant difference between post ALM and post CON values, tested using a repeated-measures ANOVA analysis, followed by LSMEANS test

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