Table 6 Changes in biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress after the consumption of either control (CON) or almond (ALM) diet for 12Â weeksa
| Â | CON | ALM | Â | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | P-value b | |
All subjects (n = 33) | |||||
 hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.20 ± 0.19 | 0.29 ± 0.29 | 0.24 ± 0.24 | 0.30 ± 0.29 | 0.796 |
 sE-Selectin (ng/ml) | 43.4 ± 20.7 | 44.0 ± 20.2 | 46.1 ± 18.0 | 42.3 ± 15.5 | 0.121 |
 ICAM-1 (ng/ml) | 223.2 ± 77.4 | 229.2 ± 72.2 | 240.1 ± 89.1 | 230.7 ± 80.9 | 0.225 |
 Endothelin-1 (pg/ml) | 0.98 ± 0.36 | 1.14 ± 0.41 | 1.04 ± 0.39 | 1.16 ± 0.42 | 0.889 |
 Nitric oxidde (μmol/l) | 59.6 ± 35.8 | 72.1 ± 55.3 | 62.5 ± 40.9 | 50.6 ± 26.7 | 0.048 |
 Protein carbonyl (nmol/mg) | 1.00 ± 0.54 | 1.06 ± 0.68 | 1.00 ± 0.65 | 0.72 ± 0.56 | 0.151 |
 Oxidized LDL (U/l) | 32.8 ± 9.9 | 34.8 ± 10.9 | 33.9 ± 10.9 | 35.1 ± 9.9 | 0.736 |
 Urinary isoprostanes (ng/mg creatinine) | 12.2 ± 6.2 | 14.2 ± 9.2 | 11.9 ± 4.2 | 12.2 ± 4.7 | 0.200 |
 α-Tocopherol (μmol/l) | 8.51 ± 3.37 | 9.24 ± 5.45 | 8.86 ± 4.43 | 9.57 ± 5.11 | 0.853 |
Subjects with HbA1c ≤8 (n = 27) | |||||
 hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.18 ± 0.19 | 0.29 ± 0.29 | 0.23 ± 0.24 | 0.30 ± 0.30 | 0.789 |
 sE-Selectin (ng/ml) | 42.3 ± 21.7 | 44.5 ± 21.5 | 45.7 ± 18.7 | 41.0 ± 15.4 | 0.026 |
 ICAM-1 (ng/ml) | 222.0 ± 78.6 | 229.1 ± 75.5 | 241.1 ± 92.8 | 231.5 ± 83.7 | 0.263 |
 Endothelin-1 (pg/ml) | 1.01 ± 0.36 | 1.11 ± 0.39 | 1.07 ± 0.38 | 1.16 ± 0.40 | 0.802 |
 NO (μmol/l) | 62.4 ± 37.1 | 71.2 ± 52.1 | 62.1 ± 41.4 | 50.3 ± 28.0 | 0.048 |
 Protein carbonyl (nmol/mg) | 1.13 ± 0.84 | 1.05 ± 0.67 | 0.96 ± 0.64 | 0.75 ± 0.59 | 0.242 |
 Oxidized LDL (U/l) | 31.5 ± 10.1 | 33.8 ± 10.8 | 32.8 ± 11.1 | 33.9 ± 10.2 | 0.653 |
 Urinary isoprostanes (ng/mg creatinine) | 12.7 ± 6.6 | 15.2 ± 9.8 | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 12.0 ± 4.9 | 0.131 |
 α-Tocopherol (μmol/l) | 8.23 ± 2.99 | 8.52 ± 2.83 | 8.25 ± 2.52 | 8.96 ± 3.11 | 0.551 |