Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all participants

Age, years

56.6 ± 7.5

53.4 ± 9.2

52.8 ± 9.3

Male / female, n

29 / 22

16 / 15

21 / 18

Duration of diabetes, years (median, IQR)

4.0 (2.0–8.0)

3.0 (2.0–5.5)

−

 Diet only

3

2

−

 Oral agents

38

24

−

 Insulin

4

2

−

 Insulin + oral agents

6

3

−

Waistline, cm

91.7 ± 5.9 ^{a, b}

76.6 ± 4.8

76.6 ± 4.9

BMI, kg/m²

25.2 ± 2.7 ^{a, b}

21.1 ± 2.0

21.7 ± 2.1

Glucose, mmol/L

7.89 ± 2.06 ^a

7.74 ± 2.71 ^c

5.07 ± 0.41

Insulin, uIU/mL (median, IQR)

11.35 (9.42–16.07) ^{a, b}

8.57 (6.59–11.77) ^c

6.93 (5.06–9.24)

HOMA-IR (median, IQR)

4.27 (3.06–5.97) ^{a, b}

2.80 (1.93–4.09) ^c

1.51 (1.15–2.08)

TG, mmol/L

1.11 ± 0.34 ^a

0.79 ± 0.35

0.77 ± 0.31

TC, mmol/L

4.80 ± 0.90 ^a

4.66 ± 0.81

4.32 ± 0.85

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.24 ± 0.28 ^a

1.45 ± 0.30

1.49 ± 0.36

 P+/+

31

16

14

 P+/−

16

11

19

 P−/−

4

4

6