| Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (n = 117) | Controls (n = 117) | P-valueb | Cases (n = 134) | Controls (n = 134) | P-valueb | |
Age (years) at blood taken | 60.1 ± 6.04 | 60.2 ± 6.29 | – | 57.9 ± 5.48 | 58.4 ± 5.72 | – |
Dialect (%) |  |  | – |  |  | – |
 Cantonese | 52 (44.4) | 52 (44.4) |  | 74 (55.2) | 74 (55.2) |  |
 Hokkien | 65 (55.6) | 65 (55.6) | 60 (44.8) | 60 (44.8) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 3.58 | 22.9 ± 3.43 | <0.001 | 24.7 ± 3.79 | 22.4 ± 3.42 | <0.001 |
Postmenopausal status | – | – | – | 106 (79.1) | 108 (80.6) | 0.76 |
Level of education (%) | 0.58 | Â | Â | 0.82 | ||
 No formal education | 6 (5.13) | 7 (5.98) |  | 24 (17.9) | 26 (19.4) |  |
 Primary school | 58 (49.6) | 50 (42.7) | 57 (42.5) | 60 (44.8) | ||
 Secondary and above | 53 (45.3) | 60 (51.3) | 53 (39.6) | 48 (35.8) | ||
History of Hypertension (%) | 61 (52.1) | 29 (24.8) | <0.001 | 63 (47.0) | 28 (20.9) | <0.001 |
Cigarette smoking (%) | 0.28 | Â | Â | 0.15 | ||
 Never smokers | 54 (46.2) | 47 (40.2) |  | 124 (92.5) | 130 (97.0) |  |
 Former smoker | 27 (23.1) | 38 (32.5) | 6 (4.5) | 1 (0.8) | ||
 Current smokers | 36 (30.8) | 32 (27.4) | 4 (3.0) | 3 (2.2) | ||
Weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (%) | 0.20 |  |  | 0.02 | ||
  < 0.5 h/week | 89 (76.1) | 90 (76.9) |  | 107 (79.8) | 104 (77.6) |  |
 0.5–3.9 h/week | 21 (18.0) | 14 (12.0) | 23 (17.2) | 15 (11.2) | ||
  ≥ 4 h/week | 7 (5.98) | 13 (11.1) | 4 (3.0) | 15 (11.2) | ||
Alcohol Intake (%) | 0.98 | Â | Â | 0.35 | ||
 Abstainers | 96 (82.1) | 95 (81.2) |  | 127 (94.8) | 126 (94.0) |  |
 Weekly drinkers | 17 (14.5) | 18 (15.4) | 7 (5.2) | 6 (4.5) | ||
 Daily drinkers | 4 (3.42) | 4 (3.42) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | ||
Fasting status (yes) | 34 (29.1) | 32 (27.4) | 0.77 | 40 (29.9) | 35 (26.1) | 0.50 |
FGF-21, pg/mL | 212 (133–350) | 179 (82–312) | 0.056 | 222 (115–365) | 146 (65–259) | <0.001 |
GGT, IU/L | 34 (26–49) | 27 (20–40) | <0.001 | 25 (18–41) | 19 (14–28) | <0.001 |
ALT, IU/L | 29 (21–39) | 23 (17–29) | <0.001 | 23 (17–32) | 18 (14–23) | <0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.03 ± 0.91 | 5.02 ± 0.69 | 0.92 | 5.32 ± 0.80 | 5.30 ± 0.91 | 0.80 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.96 ± 0.19 | 1.09 ± 0.25 | <0.001 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | 1.35 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.04 ± 0.76 | 3.09 ± 0.68 | 0.59 | 3.18 ± 0.75 | 3.27 ± 0.78 | 0.32 |
TG, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.5–2.9) | 1.6 (1.2–2.3) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.4–2.7) | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) | <0.001 |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6.53 ± 2.64 | 7.86 ± 2.78 | <0.001 | 7.93 ± 3.19 | 10.3 ± 3.80 | <0.001 |
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.6 (0.8–2.9) | 1.2 (0.6–1.9) | 0.02 | 1.8 (1.0–3.5) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | <0.001 |
Random insulin, mIU/L | 15.4 (7.0–37.3) | 8.0 (4.4–20.5) | <0.001 | 14.1 (8.1–35.4) | 7.7 (4.2–23.5) | <0.001 |
Random glucose, mmol/L | 5.1 (4.4–6.6) | 4.5 (4.0–5.1) | <0.001 | 5.3 (4.4–6.1) | 4.5 (3.9–5.3) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.9 (5.6–6.2) | 5.6 (5.4–5.7) | <0.001 | 5.9 (5.7–6.2) | 5.6 (5.4–5.7) | <0.001 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41 (38–44) | 38 (36–39) | <0.001 | 41 (39–44) | 38 (36–39) | <0.001 |