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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and liver enzymes of diabetes cases and matched controls in men and women, the Singapore Chinese Health Studya

From: Sex-specific association between fibroblast growth factor 21 and type 2 diabetes: a nested case-control study in Singapore Chinese men and women

 

Men

Women

Cases (n = 117)

Controls (n = 117)

P-valueb

Cases (n = 134)

Controls (n = 134)

P-valueb

Age (years) at blood taken

60.1 ± 6.04

60.2 ± 6.29

–

57.9 ± 5.48

58.4 ± 5.72

–

Dialect (%)

  

–

  

–

 Cantonese

52 (44.4)

52 (44.4)

 

74 (55.2)

74 (55.2)

 

 Hokkien

65 (55.6)

65 (55.6)

60 (44.8)

60 (44.8)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.9 ± 3.58

22.9 ± 3.43

<0.001

24.7 ± 3.79

22.4 ± 3.42

<0.001

Postmenopausal status

–

–

–

106 (79.1)

108 (80.6)

0.76

Level of education (%)

0.58

  

0.82

 No formal education

6 (5.13)

7 (5.98)

 

24 (17.9)

26 (19.4)

 

 Primary school

58 (49.6)

50 (42.7)

57 (42.5)

60 (44.8)

 Secondary and above

53 (45.3)

60 (51.3)

53 (39.6)

48 (35.8)

History of Hypertension (%)

61 (52.1)

29 (24.8)

<0.001

63 (47.0)

28 (20.9)

<0.001

Cigarette smoking (%)

0.28

  

0.15

 Never smokers

54 (46.2)

47 (40.2)

 

124 (92.5)

130 (97.0)

 

 Former smoker

27 (23.1)

38 (32.5)

6 (4.5)

1 (0.8)

 Current smokers

36 (30.8)

32 (27.4)

4 (3.0)

3 (2.2)

Weekly moderate-to-vigorous activity (%)

0.20

  

0.02

  < 0.5 h/week

89 (76.1)

90 (76.9)

 

107 (79.8)

104 (77.6)

 

 0.5–3.9 h/week

21 (18.0)

14 (12.0)

23 (17.2)

15 (11.2)

  ≥ 4 h/week

7 (5.98)

13 (11.1)

4 (3.0)

15 (11.2)

Alcohol Intake (%)

0.98

  

0.35

 Abstainers

96 (82.1)

95 (81.2)

 

127 (94.8)

126 (94.0)

 

 Weekly drinkers

17 (14.5)

18 (15.4)

7 (5.2)

6 (4.5)

 Daily drinkers

4 (3.42)

4 (3.42)

0

2 (1.5)

Fasting status (yes)

34 (29.1)

32 (27.4)

0.77

40 (29.9)

35 (26.1)

0.50

FGF-21, pg/mL

212 (133–350)

179 (82–312)

0.056

222 (115–365)

146 (65–259)

<0.001

GGT, IU/L

34 (26–49)

27 (20–40)

<0.001

25 (18–41)

19 (14–28)

<0.001

ALT, IU/L

29 (21–39)

23 (17–29)

<0.001

23 (17–32)

18 (14–23)

<0.001

TC, mmol/L

5.03 ± 0.91

5.02 ± 0.69

0.92

5.32 ± 0.80

5.30 ± 0.91

0.80

HDL-C, mmol/L

0.96 ± 0.19

1.09 ± 0.25

<0.001

1.18 ± 0.26

1.35 ± 0.30

<0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L

3.04 ± 0.76

3.09 ± 0.68

0.59

3.18 ± 0.75

3.27 ± 0.78

0.32

TG, mmol/L

2.1 (1.5–2.9)

1.6 (1.2–2.3)

<0.001

2.1 (1.4–2.7)

1.4 (0.9–1.9)

<0.001

Adiponectin, μg/mL

6.53 ± 2.64

7.86 ± 2.78

<0.001

7.93 ± 3.19

10.3 ± 3.80

<0.001

Hs-CRP, mg/L

1.6 (0.8–2.9)

1.2 (0.6–1.9)

0.02

1.8 (1.0–3.5)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

<0.001

Random insulin, mIU/L

15.4 (7.0–37.3)

8.0 (4.4–20.5)

<0.001

14.1 (8.1–35.4)

7.7 (4.2–23.5)

<0.001

Random glucose, mmol/L

5.1 (4.4–6.6)

4.5 (4.0–5.1)

<0.001

5.3 (4.4–6.1)

4.5 (3.9–5.3)

<0.001

HbA1c, %

5.9 (5.6–6.2)

5.6 (5.4–5.7)

<0.001

5.9 (5.7–6.2)

5.6 (5.4–5.7)

<0.001

HbA1c, mmol/mol

41 (38–44)

38 (36–39)

<0.001

41 (39–44)

38 (36–39)

<0.001

  1. aData are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables (normally distributed) and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables (skewed distributed), and n (percentage) for categorical variables. Cases and controls are matched on age at blood taken (±3 years), gender, dialect, and date of blood collection (±6 months)
  2. b P values based on the chi-square test for categorical variables, student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test for continuous variable