Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

Lopes, Paula A.; Bandarra, Narcisa M.; Martins, Susana V.; Martinho, Joana; Alfaia, Cristina M.; Madeira, Marta S.; Cardoso, Carlos; Afonso, Cláudia; Paulo, Maria C.; Pinto, Rui M. A.; Guil-Guerrero, José L.; Prates, José A. M.

doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0218-y

Table 2 Body composition parameters and plasma metabolites

From: Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

	Milk Fat		Fish Oil		Nanno		Schyzo		Significance
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Growth parameters and tissues weight (g)
Final body weight	460	10.7	449	13.1	460	10.4	426	9.04	0.062
Total body weight gain	159^a	6.59	148^ab	7.18	152^ab	6.05	129^b	6.39	0.020
Daily feed intake	21.0^ab	0.331	19.6^c	0.330	21.8^a	0.348	19.7^bc	0.487	0.001
Liver	13.6	0.687	13.3	0.573	13.8	0.553	13.8	0.485	0.931
Brain	1.48	0.035	1.46	0.031	1.42	0.030	1.45	0.022	0.588
Hippocampus	0.392	0.012	0.433	0.025	0.401	0.014	0.414	0.031	0.533
Longissimus dorsi muscle	6.26	0.339	6.71	0.406	6.54	0.275	6.66	0.321	0.809
Epididymal fat	6.01	0.646	5.59	0.510	6.20	0.459	5.21	0.308	0.315
Retroperitoneal fat	4.62	0.654	4.05	0.405	4.63	0.320	4.54	0.413	0.712
Carcass	199^ab	3.73	195^ab	5.23	201^a	3.44	185^b	4.52	0.046
Biochemistry profile
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	67.3^a	1.16	50.4^c	1.35	54.5^c	1.02	61.9^b	1.41	< 0.001
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/l)	13.6	0.498	12.4	0.905	12.4	0.565	13.4	0.596	0.327
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)	32.2^b	0.631	24.0^d	0.949	28.5^c	0.745	35.3^a	0.686	< 0.001
VLDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)†	21.8^a	0.235	14.0^b	0.305	13.6^b	0.371	13.2^b	0.236	< 0.001
LDL-C/HDL-C	2.33^b	0.045	2.01^b	0.143	2.34^ab	0.111	2.66^a	0.068	< 0.001
Triacylglycerols (mg/dl)	109^a	1.18	70.0^b	1.52	68.1^b	1.86	66.0^b	1.18	< 0.001
Total lipids (mg/dl)‡	395^a	2.75	320^c	1.03	327^bc	2.99	340^b	3.66	< 0.001
Glucose (mg/dl)	174^a	2.15	150^b	2.04	136^c	2.83	129^c	3.29	< 0.001
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.258	0.008	0.255	0.009	0.248	0.009	0.281	0.012	0.187
Urea (mg/dl)	28.5^c	1.02	33.8^b	1.08	32.3^bc	1.31	41.5^a	1.21	< 0.001
Total proteins (g/dl)	6.83	0.067	6.66	0.110	6.84	0.065	6.61	0.064	0.061
Hepatic and inflammatory markers
AST (U/l)	112^c	4.93	141^b	5.26	81.3^d	2.25	184^a	7.08	< 0.001
ALT (U/l)	44.3^a	2.40	50.6^a	1.28	36.4^b	1.49	50.5^a	3.02	< 0.001
ALP (U/l)	94.6^b	1.99	130^a	6.58	85.9^c	1.83	78.8^d	2.47	< 0.001
γ-GT (U/l)	2.10^a	0.118	2.19^a	0.096	0.440^c	0.113	1.10^b	0.085	< 0.001
TNF-α (pg/ml)	155	11.6	168	24.7	124	6.86	141	9.88	0.080
IL-6 (pg/ml)	4219^b	456	4420^b	333	3772^b	463	7760^a	237	< 0.001

n = 8 per group. ^a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (PDIFF adjust Tukey, P < 0.05). †VLDL-Cholesterol = 1/5 [triacylglycerols]. ‡Total lipids = [total cholesterol] × 1.12 + [triacylglycerols] × 1.33 + 148

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