Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

Lopes, Paula A.; Bandarra, Narcisa M.; Martins, Susana V.; Martinho, Joana; Alfaia, Cristina M.; Madeira, Marta S.; Cardoso, Carlos; Afonso, Cláudia; Paulo, Maria C.; Pinto, Rui M. A.; Guil-Guerrero, José L.; Prates, José A. M.

doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0218-y

Table 3 Total FAME (mg/g) and fatty acid composition (% total fatty acids) in faeces

From: Markers of neuroprotection of combined EPA and DHA provided by fish oil are higher than those of EPA (Nannochloropsis) and DHA (Schizochytrium) from microalgae oils in Wistar rats

	Milk Fat		Fish Oil		Nanno		Schyzo		Significance
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Total FAME	111^ab	17.2	126^a	9.72	64.2^b	4.04	108^a	11.1	< 0.001
Fatty acids
11:0	0.300^b	0.064	0.540^a	0.043	0.750^a	0.074	0.330^b	0.018	< 0.001
13:0	0.150^b	0.100	0.050^b	0.002	0.670^a	0.042	0.060^b	0.007	< 0.001
14:0isobr	0.060^b	0.009	0.050^b	0.004	0.320^a	0.026	0.040^b	0.006	< 0.001
14:0	3.93^b	0.492	6.05^a	0.277	5.95^a	0.361	4.80^b	0.201	< 0.001
15:0isobr	0.260^b	0.036	0.260^b	0.025	1.17^a	0.045	0.250^b	0.011	< 0.001
15:0anteiso	0.406	0.054	0.370	0.032	0.462	0.030	0.455	0.026	0.161
15:0	1.35^bc	0.090	1.56^b	0.089	1.17^c	0.086	3.71^a	0.112	< 0.001
16:0anteiso	0.140^bc	0.018	0.100^c	0.009	0.450^a	0.077	0.150^b	0.008	< 0.001
16:0	44.2^b	1.64	46.7^b	0.528	38.7^c	0.804	51.7^a	0.806	< 0.001
16:1n-9n-7	0.090^d	0.013	0.330^b	0.029	7.20^a	0.418	0.170^c	0.016	< 0.001
17:0isobr	0.282	0.010	0.293	0.038	0.265	0.004	0.258	0.005	0.198
17:0	0.790^b	0.020	0.820^b	0.014	0.640^c	0.017	1.61^a	0.016	< 0.001
17:1	0.200^bc	0.017	0.220^b	0.015	0.420^a	0.018	0.150^c	0.014	< 0.001
16:4n-3	0.067	0.010	0.062	0.006	0.058	0.013	ND	–	0.847
18:0	29.0^a	1.50	24.5^b	0.629	15.6^d	0.579	21.5^c	0.530	< 0.001
18:1n-9	4.89^a	0.433	4.55^a	0.248	4.80^a	0.261	3.78^b	0.136	0.002
18:1n-7	3.48^a	0.335	2.86^a	0.234	1.24^b	0.164	2.60^a	0.234	< 0.001
18:1n-5	1.20^a	0.137	1.05^a	0.070	0.630^b	0.018	1.20^a	0.124	< 0.001
19:0isobr	0.410^a	0.045	0.240^b	0.017	0.140^c	0.006	0.210^b	0.019	< 0.001
18:2n-6	1.93^b	0.334	1.33^b	0.060	3.16^a	0.203	1.67^b	0.078	< 0.001
19:0	0.140^b	0.013	0.130^b	0.003	0.180^a	0.005	0.180^a	0.004	< 0.001
18:3n-3	0.210^a	0.023	0.070^c	0.008	0.240^a	0.021	0.120^b	0.015	< 0.001
18:4n-3	0.161	0.036	0.172	0.032	0.115	0.036	0.136	0.019	0.620
20:0	1.41^a	0.156	1.13^a	0.093	0.790^b	0.040	0.710^b	0.039	< 0.001
20:1n-7	0.300^ab	0.100	0.430^a	0.037	0.110^b	0.026	0.250^b	0.049	< 0.001
20:2n-6	0.210^ab	0.037	0.240^a	0.014	0.110^b	0.028	0.320^a	0.039	< 0.001
20:4n-6	0.110^bc	0.042	0.070^c	0.009	0.820^a	0.057	0.190^b	0.023	< 0.001
20:5n-3	ND	–	0.080^b	0.012	5.45^a	0.439	ND	–	< 0.001
22:0	0.870^a	0.114	0.640^a	0.048	0.300^b	0.034	0.400^b	0.029	< 0.001
22:5n-3	0.570^a	0.117	0.370^ab	0.052	0.270^b	0.014	0.510^ab	0.114	0.014
Others	2.88^b	0.270	4.73^b	0.191	7.82^a	0.301	2.54^b	0.410	< 0.001
Partial sums and ratios
Total SFA	83.7^ab	1.31	83.4^b	0.784	67.6^c	1.38	86.4^a	0.716	< 0.001
Total MUFA	10.2^bc	0.821	9.44^b	0.625	14.4^a	0.654	8.15^c	0.290	< 0.001
Total PUFA	3.26^b	0.433	2.39^b	0.126	10.2^a	0.741	2.95^b	0.172	< 0.001
Total n-3	1.01^b	0.156	0.754^b	0.103	6.13^a	0.499	0.766^b	0.125	< 0.001
Total n-6	2.25^bc	0.393	1.64^c	0.072	4.09^a	0.258	2.18^b	0.098	< 0.001
n-3/n-6	0.448^ab	0.505	0.460^b	0.075	1.50^a	0.055	0.351^b	0.055	< 0.001

n = 8 per group. ND, not detected. Total SFA = 11:0 + 13:0 + 14:0isobr + 14:0 + 15:0isobr + 15:0anteiso + 15:0 + 16:0anteiso + 16:0 + 17:0isobr + 17:0 + 18:0 + 19:0isobr + 19:0 + 20:0 + 22:0; Total MUFA = 16:1n-9n-7 + 17:1 + 18:1n-9 + 18:1n-7 + 18:1n-5 + 20:1n-7; Total PUFA = 16:4n-3 + 18:2n-6 + 18:3n-3 + 18:4n-3 + 20:2n-6 + 20:4n-6 + 20:5n-3 + 22:5n-3; Total n-3 = 16:4n-3 + 18:3n-3 + 18:4n-3 + 20:5n-3 + 22:5n-3; Total n-6 = 18:2n-6 + 20:2n-6 + 20:4n-6. ^a,b,c Means in the same row with different superscripts are statistically different (PDIFF adjust Tukey, P < 0.05)

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