From: Resting metabolic rate of obese patients under very low calorie ketogenic diet
VLCK diet | LC diet | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit C-1 | Visit C-2 | Visit C-3 | Visit C-4 | |
Diet time (days) | 39.2 ± 8.4 | 89.7 ± 19.1 | 123.3 ± 17.6 | |
Anthropometry | ||||
Weight (kg) | 95.9 ± 16.3 | 84.2 ± 13.0a | 76.6 ± 11.1a,b | 75.1 ± 11.8a,b |
Weight change (kg) | −11.7 ± 3.7d | − 19.3 ± 6.4d | − 20.7 ± 6.9d | |
Weight change (%) | −12.0 ± 2.0d | − 19.7 ± 4.0d | − 21.3 ± 4.8d | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 35.5 ± 4.4 | 31.2 ± 3.3a | 28.4 ± 2.6a,b | 27.8 ± 2.9a,b |
Body fat DXA (%) | 45.6 ± 5.4 | 43.1 ± 6.1a | 37.9 ± 5.8a,b | 35.7 ± 5.9a,b,c |
Fat mass DXA (kg) | 42.2 ± 9.1 | 35.0 ± 7.8a | 27.8 ± 5.7a,b | 25.7 ± 5.8a,b |
Fat-free mass DXA (kg) | 52.8 ± 10.2 | 48.5 ± 9.2a | 48.3 ± 9.1a | 49.0 ± 9.7a |
Muscle mass MF-BIA (kg) | 31.2 ± 6.6 | 29.3 ± 6.4a | 29.4 ± 6.3a | 29.6 ± 6.6a |
Energy expenditure | ||||
RMR-measured (kcal/d) | 1978.1 ± 415.7 | 1913.1 ± 317.2ns | 1860.3 ± 341.9ns | 1776.6 ± 309.3ns |
RMR-measured change (kcal/d) | −65.0 ± 343.7ns | − 117.8 ± 489.3ns | −201.5 ± 313.5ns | |
RMR-measured change (%) | −1.0 ± 18.8ns | −2.4 ± 25.6ns | −8.3 ± 15.0ns | |
RMR-expected FFM-DXA (kcal/d) | 1820.2 ± 379.9 | 1811.1 ± 369.4 | 1837.7 ± 389.3 | |
Metabolic adaptation FFM-DXA (kcal/d) | 92.8 ± 339.5ns | 49.1 ± 470.5ns | −61.0 ± 298.9ns | |
RMR/Fat-free mass DXA (kcal/d/kg) | 37.6 ± 5.5 | 40.1 ± 7.6ns | 39.3 ± 8.7ns | 36.5 ± 4.6ns |
RMR-expected MM-MF-BIA (kcal/d) | 1856.1 ± 409.0 | 1863.1 ± 402.8 | 1873.6 ± 410.8 | |
Metabolic adaptation MM-MF-BIA (kcal/d) | 56.9 ± 355.0ns | −2.8 ± 504.4ns | −96.9 ± 320.8ns | |
RMR/Muscle mass MF-BIA (kcal/d/kg) | 63.9 ± 10.5 | 66.9 ± 13.2ns | 65.1 ± 15.2ns | 60.9 ± 8.3ns |
Ketone bodies | ||||
β-OHB | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.6a | 0.7 ± 0.5a,b | 0.2 ± 0.1b,c |