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Table 1 Changes in anthropometry, energy expenditure and ketone bodies during the study

From: Resting metabolic rate of obese patients under very low calorie ketogenic diet

 

VLCK diet

LC diet

 

Visit C-1

Visit C-2

Visit C-3

Visit C-4

Diet time (days)

 

39.2 ± 8.4

89.7 ± 19.1

123.3 ± 17.6

Anthropometry

 Weight (kg)

95.9 ± 16.3

84.2 ± 13.0a

76.6 ± 11.1a,b

75.1 ± 11.8a,b

 Weight change (kg)

 

−11.7 ± 3.7d

− 19.3 ± 6.4d

− 20.7 ± 6.9d

 Weight change (%)

 

−12.0 ± 2.0d

− 19.7 ± 4.0d

− 21.3 ± 4.8d

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

35.5 ± 4.4

31.2 ± 3.3a

28.4 ± 2.6a,b

27.8 ± 2.9a,b

 Body fat DXA (%)

45.6 ± 5.4

43.1 ± 6.1a

37.9 ± 5.8a,b

35.7 ± 5.9a,b,c

 Fat mass DXA (kg)

42.2 ± 9.1

35.0 ± 7.8a

27.8 ± 5.7a,b

25.7 ± 5.8a,b

 Fat-free mass DXA (kg)

52.8 ± 10.2

48.5 ± 9.2a

48.3 ± 9.1a

49.0 ± 9.7a

 Muscle mass MF-BIA (kg)

31.2 ± 6.6

29.3 ± 6.4a

29.4 ± 6.3a

29.6 ± 6.6a

Energy expenditure

 RMR-measured (kcal/d)

1978.1 ± 415.7

1913.1 ± 317.2ns

1860.3 ± 341.9ns

1776.6 ± 309.3ns

 RMR-measured change (kcal/d)

 

−65.0 ± 343.7ns

− 117.8 ± 489.3ns

−201.5 ± 313.5ns

 RMR-measured change (%)

 

−1.0 ± 18.8ns

−2.4 ± 25.6ns

−8.3 ± 15.0ns

 RMR-expected FFM-DXA (kcal/d)

 

1820.2 ± 379.9

1811.1 ± 369.4

1837.7 ± 389.3

 Metabolic adaptation FFM-DXA (kcal/d)

 

92.8 ± 339.5ns

49.1 ± 470.5ns

−61.0 ± 298.9ns

 RMR/Fat-free mass DXA (kcal/d/kg)

37.6 ± 5.5

40.1 ± 7.6ns

39.3 ± 8.7ns

36.5 ± 4.6ns

 RMR-expected MM-MF-BIA (kcal/d)

 

1856.1 ± 409.0

1863.1 ± 402.8

1873.6 ± 410.8

 Metabolic adaptation MM-MF-BIA (kcal/d)

 

56.9 ± 355.0ns

−2.8 ± 504.4ns

−96.9 ± 320.8ns

 RMR/Muscle mass MF-BIA (kcal/d/kg)

63.9 ± 10.5

66.9 ± 13.2ns

65.1 ± 15.2ns

60.9 ± 8.3ns

Ketone bodies

β-OHB

0.0 ± 0.1

1.0 ± 0.6a

0.7 ± 0.5a,b

0.2 ± 0.1b,c

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RMR: resting metabolic rate; FFM: fat-free mass; MM: muscle mass; β-OHB: β-hydroxy-butyrate 
  2. RMR-expected = RMR-measured Baseline – ((RMR-measured Baseline/Fat-free mass Baseline) X Δ Fat-free mass Visit-Baseline)
  3. Metabolic adaptation = RMR-measured – RMR-expected
  4. aP < 0.05 compared with Visit C-1; bP < 0.05 compared with Visit C-2; cP < 0.05 compared with Visit C-3 (Repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s adjustment for multiple comparisons); dP < 0.05 weight change significantly different from zero (Student’s t-test); ns: not significant