Nut consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome and overweight/obesity: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized trials

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Study	Country	Age (yrs)	Sample size	Cases	Outcomes	Measurement of nuts	Adjustments	NOS score
Bes-Rastrollo 2007 [21]	Spain	38 (mean)	6300	434	Overweight/obesity	FFQ	Age, sex, baseline BMI, leisure time PA, smoking, snacking and television watching	8
Bes-Rastrollo 2009 [17]	US	20–45	51,188	5924	Obesity	FFQ	Age, alcohol intake, PA, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, oral contraceptive use, baseline BMI, glycemic load, changes in the adherence of prudent and Western dietary patterns and food groups	8
Fernández-Montero 2013 [18]	Spain	38 (mean)	9887	567	Mets	FFQ	Age, BMI, smoking, PA, alcohol intake and total energy intake	8
Freisling 2017 [19]	10 European countries	25–70	197,291	28,244	Overweight/obesity	FFQ	Age, sex, country, baseline BMI, follow-up time in years, total energy intake, educational level, PA, smoking, plausibility of dietary energy reporting and modified relative Mediterranean diet score
Freisling 2017 [19]	10 European countries	25–70	127,445	12,633	Obesity	FFQ		8
Hosseinpour-Niazi 2017 [20]	Iran	19–74	1265	276	Mets	FFQ	Age, sex, BMI, smoking, family history of diabetes, PA, fasting glucose, HDL-C, total energy intake, total fiber, percent of protein, percent of carbohydrates, percent of total fat, cholesterol intake, fruit, vegetables and dairy products	7
Lutsey 2008 [22]	US	45–64	9514	3782	Mets	FFQ	Age, sex, race, education, center, total calories, smoking, pack-years, PA and intakes of meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and refined grains	9

BMI, body mass index; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mets, metabolic syndrome; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; PA, physical activity