Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Study | Country | Age (yrs) | Sample size | Cases | Outcomes | Measurement of nuts | Adjustments | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bes-Rastrollo 2007 [21] | Spain | 38 (mean) | 6300 | 434 | Overweight/obesity | FFQ | Age, sex, baseline BMI, leisure time PA, smoking, snacking and television watching | 8 |
Bes-Rastrollo 2009 [17] | US | 20–45 | 51,188 | 5924 | Obesity | FFQ | Age, alcohol intake, PA, smoking, postmenopausal hormone use, oral contraceptive use, baseline BMI, glycemic load, changes in the adherence of prudent and Western dietary patterns and food groups | 8 |
Fernández-Montero 2013 [18] | Spain | 38 (mean) | 9887 | 567 | Mets | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, PA, alcohol intake and total energy intake | 8 |
Freisling 2017 [19] | 10 European countries | 25–70 | 197,291 | 28,244 | Overweight/obesity | FFQ | Age, sex, country, baseline BMI, follow-up time in years, total energy intake, educational level, PA, smoking, plausibility of dietary energy reporting and modified relative Mediterranean diet score |  |
127,445 | 12,633 | Obesity | 8 | |||||
Hosseinpour-Niazi 2017 [20] | Iran | 19–74 | 1265 | 276 | Mets | FFQ | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, family history of diabetes, PA, fasting glucose, HDL-C, total energy intake, total fiber, percent of protein, percent of carbohydrates, percent of total fat, cholesterol intake, fruit, vegetables and dairy products | 7 |
Lutsey 2008 [22] | US | 45–64 | 9514 | 3782 | Mets | FFQ | Age, sex, race, education, center, total calories, smoking, pack-years, PA and intakes of meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and refined grains | 9 |