From: DNA methylation landscapes in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Genes/Susceptibility factors | Methylated status | Insulin-sensitive organs | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
PPARGC1A | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Influenced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion | [17] |
KCNQ1 | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Increased the risk of T2DM | [20] |
Insulin gene | Demethylation | Human and mouse islet cell | Inhibited the function of beta cell | [21] |
Insulin gene | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Increased the levels of HbA1c | [22] |
PDX-1 | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Associated with the insulin secretion | [23] |
GLP1R | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Positively associated with BMI and HbA1c | [24] |
MEG3-DLK1 microRNA | Hypermethylation | Human pancreatic islets | Caused the increase of β cell apoptosis | [25] |
Ageing | Hypermethylation | Rat pancreatic islets | Associated with molecular inflammation | [26] |
NDUFB6 | Hypermethylation | Human skeletal muscle | Influenced insulin sensitivity | [35] |
COX5a | Hypermethylation | Rat skeletal muscle | Associated with mitochondrial dysfunction | [36] |
COX7A1 | Hypermethylation | Human skeletal muscle | Associated with glucose uptake in vivo | [37] |
Gastric bypass surgery | Hypomethylation | Human skeletal muscle | Remodeled the promoter methylation of PGC-1α and PDK4 | [38] |
Acute exercise | Hypomethylation | Human skeletal muscle | Activated contraction-induced gene | [39] |
Ionizing radiation | Hypermethylation | Mice skeletal muscle cells | Increased the risk of insulin resistance | [40] |
Insulin and glucose exposure | Hypermethylation and hypomethylation | Human skeletal muscle | Altered the DAPK3 methylation | [41] |
Gck | Hypermethylation | Rat liver | Involved in the development of insulin resistance | |
TNFα | Hypermethylation | Mice liver and adipose tissue | Associated with the reduction of inflammation | [44] |
Metformin transporter genes | Demethylation | Human liver | Improved hyperglycaemia and obesity | [45] |
In-utero malnutrition | Hypermethylation | Mice liver | Influenced the expression of lipogenic genes | [46] |
Loss of MBD2 | Hypermethylation | Mice liver | Protected mice from insulin resistance | [52] |
IGFBP1 and IGFBP7 | Hypermethylation | Human peripheral blood | Associated with insulin resistance | |
Alu repeats | Hypermethylation | Human peripheral blood leukocytes | Associated with insulin resistance | [59] |
LINE-1 | Hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood | Increased the risk of metabolic worsening | [60] |
MCP-1 | Hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood | Increased the serum MCP-1 level | [61] |
TCF7L2 | Hypermethylation | Human peripheral blood | Positively associated with fasting glucose | [62] |
TXNIP | Hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood | Increased HbA1c and fasting glucose | [65] |
NR4A1 | Hypomethylation | Human peripheral blood | Decreased the blood glucose | [66] |
Aging | Hypermethylation | Human brain and blood | Remodeled DNA methylation | [67] |