Skip to main content

Table 1 DNA methylation alterations in T2DM

From: DNA methylation landscapes in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Genes/Susceptibility factors

Methylated status

Insulin-sensitive organs

Effects

References

PPARGC1A

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Influenced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

[17]

KCNQ1

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Increased the risk of T2DM

[20]

Insulin gene

Demethylation

Human and mouse islet cell

Inhibited the function of beta cell

[21]

Insulin gene

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Increased the levels of HbA1c

[22]

PDX-1

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Associated with the insulin secretion

[23]

GLP1R

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Positively associated with BMI and HbA1c

[24]

MEG3-DLK1 microRNA

Hypermethylation

Human pancreatic islets

Caused the increase of β cell apoptosis

[25]

Ageing

Hypermethylation

Rat pancreatic islets

Associated with molecular inflammation

[26]

NDUFB6

Hypermethylation

Human skeletal muscle

Influenced insulin sensitivity

[35]

COX5a

Hypermethylation

Rat skeletal muscle

Associated with mitochondrial dysfunction

[36]

COX7A1

Hypermethylation

Human skeletal muscle

Associated with glucose uptake in vivo

[37]

Gastric bypass surgery

Hypomethylation

Human skeletal muscle

Remodeled the promoter methylation of PGC-1α and PDK4

[38]

Acute exercise

Hypomethylation

Human skeletal muscle

Activated contraction-induced gene

[39]

Ionizing radiation

Hypermethylation

Mice skeletal muscle cells

Increased the risk of insulin resistance

[40]

Insulin and glucose exposure

Hypermethylation and hypomethylation

Human skeletal muscle

Altered the DAPK3 methylation

[41]

Gck

Hypermethylation

Rat liver

Involved in the development of insulin resistance

[42, 43]

TNFα

Hypermethylation

Mice liver and adipose tissue

Associated with the reduction of inflammation

[44]

Metformin transporter genes

Demethylation

Human liver

Improved hyperglycaemia and obesity

[45]

In-utero malnutrition

Hypermethylation

Mice liver

Influenced the expression of lipogenic genes

[46]

Loss of MBD2

Hypermethylation

Mice liver

Protected mice from insulin resistance

[52]

IGFBP1 and IGFBP7

Hypermethylation

Human peripheral blood

Associated with insulin resistance

[53, 54]

Alu repeats

Hypermethylation

Human peripheral blood leukocytes

Associated with insulin resistance

[59]

LINE-1

Hypomethylation

Human peripheral blood

Increased the risk of metabolic worsening

[60]

MCP-1

Hypomethylation

Human peripheral blood

Increased the serum MCP-1 level

[61]

TCF7L2

Hypermethylation

Human peripheral blood

Positively associated with fasting glucose

[62]

TXNIP

Hypomethylation

Human peripheral blood

Increased HbA1c and fasting glucose

[65]

NR4A1

Hypomethylation

Human peripheral blood

Decreased the blood glucose

[66]

Aging

Hypermethylation

Human brain and blood

Remodeled DNA methylation

[67]