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Table 2 Effects of intervention with α-tocopherol e placebo on glycemic and dietary control variables1

From: α-Tocopherol influences glycaemic control and miR-9-3 DNA methylation in overweight and obese women under an energy-restricted diet: a randomized, double-blind, exploratory, controlled clinical trial

 

Synthetic VE (n = 12)

Natural VE (n = 13)

Placebo (n = 9)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) After

Before

After

P *

Before

After

P *

Before

After

P *

P *

HbA1c (%)2

5.6 ± 0.3

5.6 ± 0.3

n.s.

5.9 ± 0.3

5.7 ± 0.40

0.004

5.8 ± 0.3

5.8 ± 0.3

n.s.

n.s.

Plasma glucose (mg/dL)2

85.4 ± 8.4

92.5 ± 9.4

0.002

94.8 ± 11.3

95.7 ± 10.0

n.s.

94.9 ± 11.8

97.5 ± 11. 1

n.s.

n.s.

Insulin (uU/mL)2

12.1 ± 6.8

13.5 ± 6.7

n.s.

12.8 ± 3.4

13.6 ± 5.7

n.s.

14.7 ± 7.6

14.4 ± 5.7

n.s.

n.s.

HOMA-IR2

2.6 ± 1.6

3.2 ± 1.8

n.s.

3.0 ± 1.0

3.3 ± 1.7

n.s.

3.6 ± 2.3

3.6 ± 1.8

n.s.

n.s.

Vitamin E (mg/L)3

12.2 ± 3.8

23.6 ± 11.2a

0.016

12.8 ± 2.6

19.5 ± 7.2

0.002

13.2 ± 6.3

12.3 ± 2.8

n.s.

0.030

α-tocopherol (mg/dia)4

0.9 ± 0.8b

402.5 ± 2.2c

0.004

2.5 ± 3.4

401.4 ± 0.7c

0.002

6.6 ± 10.0

2.8 ± 1.4

n.s.

0.000

Calories (kcal/day)5

1591.7 ± 358.4

1231.0 ± 263.4

0.006

1340.5 ± 246.8

1049.6 ± 292.8

0.006

1878.1 ± 765.8

1119.9 ± 248.2

0.038

n.s.

  1. 1Data presented as mean and standard deviation. Synthetic VE contains all-rac-α-tocopherol and contains natural RRR-α-tocopherol. HbA1c glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance; VE vitamin E. *Adjusted p-value< 0.05 (this p was corrected by Hommel procedure); n.s: not significant. Paired t test or Wilcoxon paired test was used to compare means or medians before and after intervention in each group. 2For glycemic control variables no differences were found between the three groups before and after intervention by analysis of variance ANOVA. 3For vitamin E (mg/L) differences between the three groups were found only after intervention by ANOVA. Post-Hoc Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons after intervention: a = significantly different from placebo group at p = 0.004. 4For α-tocopherol (mg/day) differences were found before (p = 0.037) and after intervention (p = 0.000) by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Mann Whitney test was used for multiple comparisons: b = significantly different from placebo group before intervention at p = 0.013; c = significantly different from placebo group after intervention at p = 0.000. 5For calories from diet no differences were found between the three groups before and after intervention by the Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively