Synthetic VE (n = 12) | Natural VE (n = 13) | Placebo (n = 9) | Analysis of variance (ANOVA) After | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | P * | Before | After | P * | Before | After | P * | P * | |
HbA1c (%)2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | n.s. | 5.9 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.40 | 0.004 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | n.s. | n.s. |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)2 | 85.4 ± 8.4 | 92.5 ± 9.4 | 0.002 | 94.8 ± 11.3 | 95.7 ± 10.0 | n.s. | 94.9 ± 11.8 | 97.5 ± 11. 1 | n.s. | n.s. |
Insulin (uU/mL)2 | 12.1 ± 6.8 | 13.5 ± 6.7 | n.s. | 12.8 ± 3.4 | 13.6 ± 5.7 | n.s. | 14.7 ± 7.6 | 14.4 ± 5.7 | n.s. | n.s. |
HOMA-IR2 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | 3.2 ± 1.8 | n.s. | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.7 | n.s. | 3.6 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 1.8 | n.s. | n.s. |
Vitamin E (mg/L)3 | 12.2 ± 3.8 | 23.6 ± 11.2a | 0.016 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 19.5 ± 7.2 | 0.002 | 13.2 ± 6.3 | 12.3 ± 2.8 | n.s. | 0.030 |
α-tocopherol (mg/dia)4 | 0.9 ± 0.8b | 402.5 ± 2.2c | 0.004 | 2.5 ± 3.4 | 401.4 ± 0.7c | 0.002 | 6.6 ± 10.0 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | n.s. | 0.000 |
Calories (kcal/day)5 | 1591.7 ± 358.4 | 1231.0 ± 263.4 | 0.006 | 1340.5 ± 246.8 | 1049.6 ± 292.8 | 0.006 | 1878.1 ± 765.8 | 1119.9 ± 248.2 | 0.038 | n.s. |