Fig. 5

Gene expression of proteins associated with thermogenic activation and energy metabolism in iBAT. All data are means ± SEM and were collected from mice after 12-week feeding either control (C), HFD (HF), or n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA)-enriched HFD (HF/n-3). a, b Expression of genes and proteins associated with thermogenic activation in iBAT. a Shown are mRNA levels of proteins involved in a signaling pathway for local generation of triiodothyronine (n = 10–12). b Western blot data of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; 62 kDa), a catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme in iBAT (n = 5–6). c, d Expression data of metabolic regulators in iBAT. c Shown are the gene expression levels (n = 9–12) of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPR120), the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ2 and α, the transcriptional co-repressor of BAT-selective gene expression transducin-like enhancer of split 3 (Tle3), and leptin (Lep). d Western blot analyses of AMPKα (62 kDa) and p-AMPKα (Thr172; 62 kDa) in iBAT (n = 5–6). For proteins, the expression levels relative to controls and the ratios for the phosphorylated forms to total protein expression levels are shown (normalised values were used). β-ACTIN (42 kDa) was used for protein normalisation. RT-qPCR data were normalised to Cypb and Hsp90αb1, and calculated relative to controls. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, significant differences compared to control or between groups as indicated