From: MicroRNAs from plants to animals, do they define a new messenger for communication?
Year | Contents | miRNAs involved | Source origin | miRNA levels | Potential mechanism | Function | Detection methods | Conclusion | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Plant miRNAs were present in human and animal sera and organs. | miR168a | Rice | fM Level | Associated with AGO2 complex and packaged in MVs | miR168a regulated mouse LDLRAP1 expression and consequently decreased LDL removal from mouse plasma. | HTS, RT-qPCR, Bioinformatics, NB, WB, AGO2 immunoprecipitation | Exogenous plant miRNAs in food could regulate the expression of target genes in mammals. | [28] |
2014 | miR172 from cabbage (Brassica oleracea) was detected in blood, spleen, liver and kidney of mice after feeding with plant extract. | miR172 | Cabbage | Stomach contained about 4.5–0.4% (2–24 h after feeding), intestines 2.4–0.2% (2–36 h), blood 1.3–0.2% (2–72 h) and spleen 0.38–0.04% (2–72 h) of the miR172 orally administered. | sRNA could survive for more than 36 h in blood and fecal samples | No phenotypic changes were found in all the mice fed with the foreign RNA. | RT-qPCR, Electrophoresis | Exogenous plant miRNAs could survive in the murine GI tract, enter peripheral blood and continue to access other organs. | [142] |
2015 | Plant miRNAs were detectable in human plasma of volunteers after drinking juice. | 18 plant miRNAs (miR156a, miR157a, miR158a, etc.) | Watermelon juice and mixed fruits | fM Level | largely encapsulated in MVs | Not mentioned | RT-qPCR, NB | Plant miRNAs in human plasma could be efficiently detected and reliably compared by RT-qPCR. Provided a SOP for measuring plant miRNAs in human and animal plasma. | [143] |
2015 | Even after an extensive pretreatment, plant-derived miRNA delivered by typical dietary ingestion remained bioavailable for uptake during early digestion. | miR166, miR167, miR168 | Soybean and rice | In vitro methods | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | RT-qPCR | Storage, processing and cooking did not abolish plant miRNAs in food. | [149] |
2014 | miR2911 was highly stable in honeysuckle decoction, and continuous drinking or gavage feeding of honeysuckle decoction significantly elevated miR2911 levels in mouse blood and lung. | miR2911 | Honeysuckle | fM Level | A unique sequence and high GC content, MVs-mediated pathway | miR2911 could directly target multiple viral genes and suppress viral infections. | HTS, RT-qPCR, NB, Fluorescent labeled tracing assay, Luciferase reporter assay, Ago2 immunoprecipitation | Provided evidence of physiological function of exogenous plant miRNAs in human and animals. | [29] |
2015 | Using a chow diet containing honeysuckle, plant-based sRNAs could be detected in sera and urine of mice | miR2911, miR168a | Honeysuckle | fM Level | Consumers of particular diets and/or with increased intestinal per- meability | Altered or damaged guts lining could enhance dietary miRNA uptake. | RT-qPCR, droplet digital PCR | Dietary sRNAs could survive circulation and are excreted in urine. | [144] |
2015 | miR2911 was detectable in sera and urine of the honeysuckle decoction-consuming mice. | miR2911 | Dried herbs or flowers | fM Level | Circulating miR2911 was not bound by AGO2, but due to high GC content. | Not mentioned | RT-qPCR, AGO2 immunoprecipit-ation | The uptake of miR2911 might be a more commonplace phenomenon that could occur when eating a variety of plant-based foods. | [145] |
2016 | Plant-based miR2911 was measured 7Â days after feeding in animals. | miR2911 | Plants | fM Level | Circulating miR2911 was not associated with exosomes, but possibly with a protein. | Not mentioned | RT-qPCR | Mice consuming diets rich in vegetables displayed enhanced serum levels of plant specific miR2911. | [146] |
2017 | Plant-derived miR2911 was detectable in sera of mice fed with various vegetables. | miR2911 | Cabbage Arabidopsis | miR2911 was detectable while other plant-based miRNAs failed to detect. | Increased levels of miR2911 correlated with the degradation of plant foods and rRNAs. | Not mentioned | RT-qPCR, Bioinformatic, Dual-luciferase reporter assay, | Provided insights into the atypical bioavailability of miR2911 and offered engineering strategies for plant-based sRNA therapeutics. | [147] |
2015 | Orally administered tumor suppressor miRNAs reduced tumor burden in ApcMin/+ mice and were detectable in intestinal tissue. | miR34a, miR143, miR145 | Synthesized methylated miRNAs | Intestinal miR34a was at a detectable level; detection of miR143 and miR145 in mouse intestines were failed. | Not mentioned | Reduced tumor burden in the well-established ApcMin/+ mouse model of colon cancer. | RT-qPCR, Dissecting microscope. | Tumor suppressor miRNAs designed to mimic sRNAs produced in plants were taken up by the digestive tract of ApcMin/+ mice upon ingestion. | [150] |
2016 | Plant miR159 could be detected in human sera and tumor tissues, and was associated with breast cancer progression. | miR159 | Synthesized methylated miRNAs | fM Level | Predominantly present in MVs | The miR159 in human serum was capable of inhibiting cell proliferation. | RT-qPCR, HTS, Dual-luciferase reporter assay, In situ hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, WB | The feasibility of using synthetic forms of plant miRNAs as dietary supplements in the treatment of human cancers, including those outside of the GI track. | [151] |
2016 | Strawberry fruit FvmiR168 affected properties of dendritic cells and their ability to respond to inflammatory stimuli. | FvmiR168 | Strawberry fruit | biologically relevant amount | The immune-modulatory effect of plant miRNA was not sequence or plant specific. | Plant-based miRNAs modified dendritic cells ability to respond to inflammatory agents by limiting T cell proliferation. | RT-qPCR, Flow cytometry, Fluorescence microscopy | A potential for therapeutic use of plant miRNAs in the prevention of chronic inflammation related diseases. | [152] |
2017 | Ingestion of wild type blood increased the levels of miR451 and miR144 in peripheral blood of miR144/451-null mice | miR451 miR144 | Wild type mice blood | At very low level but biologically relevant amount | Exosomes | Exogenous miR451 existing in miR144/451 knockout mice enhanced anti-oxidant activity in vivo via increasing the activity of Foxo3 pathway | Two different RT-qPCR, Dual-luciferase reporter assay, WB, FACS | miRNAs in foods or dietary supplements could affect the functions of the consumer. | [153] |