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Table 2 Human intervention studies with low dietary AGE intakes

From: Role of advanced glycation end products in mobility and considerations in possible dietary and nutritional intervention strategies

Population

Intervention

Affected AGEs

Affected AGE Receptors and Other Markers

AGE Measure Method

Country (Year)

Reference

Healthy

CML 2.2 mg/day vs 5.4 mg/day

↓Serum CML

↑ Vitamin C

GC–MS/MS

France (2010)

[99]

Healthy

CML 26 mg/meal vs 75.4 mg/meal

↓Serum CML

 

ELISA

Germany (2006)

[108]

Healthy

CML < 5500 kU/day vs > 13,000 kU/day

↓Serum CML, MG-derivatives

↓ VCAM-1, 8-isoprostanes, PBMCs, TNF-α, mRNA AGER1 and mRNA RAGE

ELISA

USA (2009)

[91]

Obese

CML 3302 kU/day vs 14,090 kU/day

↓Serum CML

↓ Urine 8-isoprostanes

ELISA

Australia (2011)

[225]

Diabetic

AGE intake decreased by 50% vs usual diet

↓Serum CML, MG-derivatives

↓ PBMCs TNF-α, NF-κB acetylation, and mRNA RAGE; ↑ mRNA AGER1, mRNA SIRT1 and circulating adiponectin

ELISA

USA (2011)

[46]

Diabetic

CML 3670 kU/day vs 16,300 kU/day

↓Serum CML

↓ AGE-modified LDL

ELISA

USA (2004)

[226]

Diabetic

7 U CML/mg protein vs 1617 U CML/mg protein

↓Serum CML

 

ELISA

USA (1997)

[17]

Diabetic

CML 2750 kU/meal vs 15,100 kU/meal

↓Serum CML

↓VCAM-1

ELISA

Germany (2007–2008)

[227,228,229,230]

Renal failure

CML 5500 kU/day vs 17,000 kU/day

↓Serum CML

↓ AGE-modified LDL, VCAM-1

ELISA

USA (2003–2004)

[23, 101]

Chronic kidney disease

CML < 5500 kU/day vs > 13,000 kU/day

↓Serum CML

↓ VCAM-1, 8-isoprostanes, TNF-α

ELISA

USA (2009)

[91]

  1. AGER1, AGE receptor 1; CML, Nɛ-carboxymethyllysine; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC–MS/MS, gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; MG, methylglyoxal; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RAGE, receptor of advanced glycation end products; SIRT1, sirtuin-1; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1