Fig. 3
Effect of neonatal oral administration of oleanolic acid and fructose on the total area under the curve of the oral glucose tolerance test of male (a) and female (b) rats fed a high fructose diet. All data presented as mean ± standard deviation. #*Significant increase in total AUC (P<0.05) compared to other experimental treatment groups. DW + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 7); DW + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 6; female = 6); OA + W = gavaged daily with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 8; female = 8); OA + F = gavaged with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); HF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 6; female = 7); HF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); OAHF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 6); OAHF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 7)