Parameter | DW + W | DW + F | OA + W | OA + F | HF + W | HF + F | OAHF + W | OAHF + F |
|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.6 | a6.2 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.3 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 42.2 ± 9.5 | 45.1 ± 13.1 | 41.6 ± 12.6 | 48.1 ± 11.2 | 43.8 ± 6.3 | 55.7.0 ± 11.5 | 46.4 ± 5.2 | 46.3 ± 6.4 |
HOMA-IR | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | b0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.22 ± 0.04 |
- All data presented as mean ± standard deviation
- ab Significant increase in glucose and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) for groups receiving a double hit (neonatally and in adulthood, HF + F) compared with other treatment groups. DW + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 7); DW + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of distilled water with DMSO (0.5% v/v) in the neonatal period followed ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 6; female = 6); OA + W = gavaged daily with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 8; female = 8); OA + F = gavaged with 60 mg/kg body mass oleanolic acid in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); HF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 6; female = 7); HF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 8); OAHF + W = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to plain drinking water post-weaning and throughout adulthood (male = 7; female = 6); OAHF + F = gavaged daily with 10 mL/kg body mass of a combination of oleanolic acid (60 mg/kg) and 20% (w/v) fructose solution in the neonatal period followed by ad libitum access to 20% (w/v) fructose solution as drinking fluid in adulthood (male = 7; female = 7)
