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Table 1 Characteristics of diabetes cases and matched controls in men and women*

From: Retinol binding protein 4 and risk of type 2 diabetes in Singapore Chinese men and women: a nested case-control study

 

Men

Women

 

Cases (n = 236)

Controls (n = 236)

P-value†

Cases (n = 335)

Controls (n = 335)

P-value†

Age at blood taken, years

60.3 ± 6.23

60.3 ± 6.32

–

59.2 ± 6.03

59.3 ± 6.11

–

Dialect (%)

  

–

  

–

 Cantonese

107 (45.3)

107 (45.3)

 

180 (53.0)

180 (53.0)

 

 Hokkien

129 (54.7)

129 (54.7)

 

155 (46.3)

155 (46.3)

 

Body mass index, kg/m2

24.6 ± 3.60

22.9 ± 3.26

< 0.001

24.9 ± 3.64

22.7 ± 3.29

< 0.001

Menopausal status

  

–

  

0.75

 Premenopausal

–

–

 

49 (14.6)

52 (15.5)

 

 Postmenopausal

–

–

 

286 (85.4)

283 (84.5)

 

Level of education (%)

  

0.21

  

0.80

 No formal education

12 (5.08)

11 (4.66)

 

92 (27.5)

88 (26.3)

 

 Primary school

119 (50.4)

101 (42.8)

 

136 (40.6)

132 (39.4)

 

 Secondary and above

105 (44.5)

124 (52.5)

 

107 (31.9)

115 (34.3)

 

History of hypertension (%)

108 (45.8)

62 (26.3)

< 0.001

157 (46.9)

86 (25.7)

< 0.001

Cigarette smoking (%)

  

0.13

  

0.04

 Never smokers

100 (42.4)

101 (42.8)

 

310 (92.5)

324 (96.7)

 

 Former smoker

52 (22.0)

68 (28.8)

 

11 (3.3)

3 (0.9)

 

 Current smokers

84 (35.6)

67 (28.4)

 

14 (4.2)

8 (2.4)

 

Weekly moderate activity (%)

  

0.29

  

0.34

  < 0.5 h/week

182 (77.1)

184 (78.0)

 

274 (81.8)

270 (80.6)

 

 0.5–3.9 h/week

39 (16.5)

30 (12.7)

 

43 (12.8)

38 (11.3)

 

  ≥ 4 h/week

15 (6.36)

22 (9.32)

 

18 (5.4)

27 (8.1)

 

Alcohol intake (%)

  

0.45

  

0.28

 Abstainers

183 (77.5)

193 (81.8)

 

315 (94.0)

304 (90.8)

 

 Weekly drinkers

38 (16.1)

33 (14.0)

 

17 (5.1)

26 (7.8)

 

 Daily drinkers

15 (6.36)

10 (4.24)

 

3 (0.9)

5 (1.5)

 

Fasting status (yes, %)

71 (30.1)

68 (28.8)

0.76

107 (31.9)

88 (26.3)

0.11

RBP4, μg/mL

30 (24–36)

30 (25–34)

0.93

27 (22–33)

24 (21–30)

0.001

Ferritin, μg/L

236 (151–337)

179 (115–251)

< 0.001

150 (85–230)

104 (63–160)

< 0.001

ALT, IU/L

30 (22–40)

22 (17–29)

< 0.001

25 (19–34)

19 (14–25)

< 0.001

TC, mmol/L

5.05 ± 0.82

5.12 ± 0.97

0.37

5.43 ± 0.91

5.31 ± 0.86

0.06

HDL-C, mmol/L

0.99 ± 0.19

1.10 ± 0.28

< 0.001

1.15 ± 0.24

1.32 ± 0.32

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

2.2 (1.5–3.2)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

< 0.001

2.1 (1.5–2.8)

1.5 (1.0–2.0)

< 0.001

Adiponectin, μg/mL

6.31 ± 2.40

7.67 ± 2.75

< 0.001

7.48 ± 2.79

10.1 ± 4.05

< 0.001

Hs-CRP, mg/L

1.5 (0.8–2.9)

1.1 (0.4–2.1)

0.001

2.3 (1.2–4.2)

1.3 (0.7–2.5)

< 0.001

Random insulin, mIU/L

15.3 (7.6–37.8)

8.5 (4.4–21.6)

< 0.001

14.4 (8.2–33.8)

9.0 (4.5–21.7)

< 0.001

Random glucose, mmol/L

6.0 (4.8–8.8)

4.5 (4.0–5.3)

< 0.001

6.1 (4.8–9.0)

4.6 (4.1–5.4)

< 0.001

HbA1c, %

6.4 (5.9–7.0)

5.6 (5.4–5.8)

< 0.001

6.5 (6.0–7.2)

5.6 (5.4–5.8)

< 0.001

HbA1c, mmol/mol

46 (41–53)

38 (36–40)

< 0.001

48 (42–55)

38 (36–40)

< 0.001

  1. *Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables (normally distributed) and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables (skewed distributed), and n (percentage) for categorical variables. Cases and controls are matched on age at blood taken (±3 years), gender, dialect (Cantonese, Hokkien), and date of blood collection (±6 months).
  2. †P values based on the chi-square test for categorical variables, student’s t-test for normally-distributed continuous variables and Mann-Whitney test for skewed continuous variable.
  3. Abbreviations: ALT alanine aminotransferase, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL-C HDL cholesterol, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, RBP4 retinol binding protein 4, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides
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Nutrition & Metabolism

ISSN: 1743-7075

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