Fig. 1

PA increased oxidative stress and induced cell death in H9c2 cells. a H9c2 cells were treated with PA at different concentrations for 24 or 48 h. Cells viability was measured by MTT assay. b H9c2 cells were incubated with PA (0.5 mM) for 24 h. Cells were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. H9c2 cells were treated with PA (0.5 mM) for 24 h followed by 1 h incubation with fluorescent probe (c) DCF-AM (10 μM) (d) DHE (10 μM) (e) MitoSOX™ (5 μM). Fluorescence intensity of cells was measured by flow cytometry. H9c2 cells were treated with PA (0.5 mM) for indicated time. f The levels of NADPH oxidase (Nox2-gp91, p47phox, Rac) and (g) antioxidant enzymes (SOD1, SOD2) were measured by Western blot. Data showed the means ± SEM of 3 independent analyses.*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with the control