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Table 1 Demographic and clinical variables of the subjects included in the analyses

From: Effect of a low glycaemic index diet during pregnancy on maternal and cord blood metabolomic profiles: results from the ROLO randomized controlled trial

 

Maternal blood

Cord blood

Control group

(n = 26)

Intervention group

(n = 25)

p-value

Control group

(n = 68)

Intervention group

(n = 64)

p-value

Maternal anthropometry and blood parameters

 Maternal BMI (kg/m2)

24.34 ± 4.40

26.36 ± 5.33 [1]

NS

25.38 ± 4.27

26.24 ± 4.36 [1]

NS

 Maternal age (years)

33.37 ± 5.73

32.30 ± 6.89

NS

33.00 ± 5.04

32.45 ± 6.31

NS

 Gestational weight gain (kg)

13.20 ± 4.06 [7]

12.18 ± 4.74 [7]

NS

13.20 ± 4.59 [13]

12.40 ± 4.69 [16]

NS

 Fasting glucose, 13th week (mmol/l)

4.50 ± 0.40 [1]

4.40 ± 0.50

NS

4.50 ± 0.40 [4]

4.50 ± 0.40 [2]

NS

 Fasting glucose, 28th week (mmol/l)

4.60 ± 0.42 [2]

4.50 ± 0.30

NS

4.50 ± 0.60 [3]

4.50 ± 0.50 [2]

NS

 Total cholesterol, 13th week (mmol/l)

4.77 ± 0.92 [9]

4.81 ± 1.01 [8]

NS

4.76 ± 1.06 [28]

5.25 ± 1.32 [25]

0.072

 Total cholesterol, 28th week (mmol/l)

6.31 ± 1.30 [8]

6.39 ± 1.06 [9]

NS

6.16 ± 1.13 [26]

6.46 ± 1.30 [24]

NS

 HDL cholesterol, 13th week (mmol/l)

0.80 ± 0.26 [9]

0.93 ± 0.38 [8]

NS

0.78 ± 0.28 [28]

0.87 ± 0.40 [25]

NS

 HDL cholesterol, 28th week (mmol/l)

0.97 ± 0.32 [8]

1.04 ± 0.34 [9]

NS

0.93 ± 0.39 [26]

1.02 ± 0.40 [24]

NS

 LDL cholesterol, 13th week (mmol/l)

3.35 ± 0.64 [9]

3.45 ± 1.03 [8]

NS

3.34 ± 0.89 [28]

3.64 ± 0.90 [25]

NS

 LDL cholesterol, 28th week (mmol/l)

4.71 ± 1.40 [8]

4.62 ± 1.22 [9]

NS

4.26 ± 1.33 [26]

4.75 ± 1.23 [24]

NS

 LDL cholesterol, difference 28th - 13th week (mmol/l)

0.83 ± 1.47 [9]

1.06 ± 0.60 [9]

NS

0.98 ± 1.17 [29]

1.01 ± 0.83 [27]

NS

Maternal diet

 Daily energy intake T1 (kcal)

1803.28 ± 357.75 [4]

1873.09 ± 420.48 [5]

NS

1876.03 ± 506.89 [10]

1793.15 ± 467.24 [13]

NS

 Daily energy intake T2 (kcal)

1839.30 ± 279.74 [4]

1775.72 ± 532.19 [4]

NS

1932.25 ± 434.53 [10]

1759.49 ± 534.65 [11]

0.085

 Daily energy intake T3 (kcal)

1915.07 ± 334.97 [4]

1800.89 ± 450.74 [3]

NS

2022.50 ± 494.67 [10]

1768.26 ± 473.59 [10]

0.027

 Daily GI T1

57.10 ± 6.76 [4]

57.09 ± 3.57 [6]

NS

57.13 ± 5.45 [11]

56.98 ± 4.38 [14]

NS

 Daily GI T2

58.52 ± 2.99 [4]

55.25 ± 2.95 [6]

0.004

57.66 ± 3.93 [11]

55.65 ± 3.42 [14]

0.001

 Daily GI T3

58.60 ± 3.97 [4]

56.61 ± 3.72 [6]

NS

57.76 ± 4.83 [11]

56.15 ± 4.21 [14]

NS

 Total fat intake T1 (g)

71.35 ± 22.41 [4]

70.32 ± 26.29 [5]

NS

76.10 ± 22.08 [10]

72.13 ± 25.26 [13]

NS

 Saturated fat intake T1 (g)

30.26 ± 11.38 [4]

27.74 ± 11.65 [5]

NS

31.12 ± 10.23 [10]

27.35 ± 14.41 [13]

0.057

 Monounsaturated fat intake T1 (g)

22.59 ± 7.08 [4]

23.26 ± 6.53 [5]

NS

23.81 ± 6.42 [10]

23.91 ± 7.22 [13]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T1 (g)

10.87 ± 6.05 [4]

10.73 ± 5.37 [5]

NS

10.87 ± 5.65 [10]

10.80 ± 5.11 [13]

NS

 Total fat intake T2 (g)

71.80 ± 13.20 [4]

70.49 ± 26.74 [4]

NS

75.01 ± 24.54 [10]

70.25 ± 25.53 [11]

0.077

 Saturated fat intake T2 (g)

26.97 ± 10.95 [4]

24.51 ± 8.20 [4]

NS

29.56 ± 10.96 [10]

24.51 ± 11.56 [11]

0.019

 Monounsaturated fat intake T2 (g)

21.91 ± 4.80 [4]

22.75 ± 7.53 [4]

NS

23.34 ± 8.38 [10]

22.63 ± 8.73 [11]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T2 (g)

11.39 ± 5.60 [4]

10.79 ± 6.03 [4]

NS

12.23 ± 5.41 [10]

10.55 ± 4.76 [11]

NS

 Total fat intake T3 (g)

75.28 ± 22.81 [4]

73.48 ± 30.10 [3]

NS

79.31 ± 22.91 [10]

70.82 ± 29.12 [10]

NS

 Saturated fat intake T3 (g)

28.49 ± 10.77 [4]

29.32 ± 18.93 [3]

NS

29.92 ± 12.11 [10]

26.37 ± 13.87 [10]

NS

 Monounsaturated fat intake T3 (g)

23.33 ± 6.30 [4]

24.43 ± 8.99 [3]

NS

25.56 ± 7.54 [10]

21.56 ± 10.81 [10]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T3 (g)

10.17 ± 5.23 [4]

13.01 ± 5.69 [3]

NS

12.04 ± 5.32 [10]

11.34 ± 5.36 [10]

NS

 Total fat intake T1 (%kcal)

0.37 ± 0.09 [4]

0.34 ± 0.06 [5]

NS

0.38 ± 0.07 [10]

0.35 ± 0.08 [13]

NS

 Saturated fat intake T1 (%kcal)

14.76 ± 5.36 [4]

13.49 ± 4.31 [5]

NS

15.16 ± 4.63 [10]

13.55 ± 4.09 [13]

NS

 Monounsaturated fat intake T1 (%kcal)

11.68 ± 3.59 [4]

11.20 ± 2.93 [5]

NS

11.76 ± 3.14 [10]

11.34 ± 3.75 [13]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T1 (%kcal)

5.71 ± 2.18 [4]

5.31 ± 1.74 [5]

NS

5.64 ± 1.92 [10]

5.09 ± 2.33 [13]

NS

 Total fat intake T2 (%kcal)

0.36 ± 0.06 [4]

0.36 ± 0.06 [4]

NS

0.36 ± 0.07 [10]

0.35 ± 0.06 [11]

NS

 Saturated fat intake T2 (%kcal)

13.39 ± 3.91 [4]

12.93 ± 4.72 [4]

NS

13.60 ± 3.87 [10]

12.56 ± 4.36 [11]

NS

 Monounsaturated fat intake T2 (%kcal)

11.21 ± 2.81 [4]

10.76 ± 2.78 [4]

NS

11.57 ± 2.56 [10]

10.90 ± 3.14 [11]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T2 (%kcal)

5.63 ± 1.86 [4]

5.93 ± 1.86 [4]

NS

5.57 ± 1.91 [10]

5.48 ± 1.97 [11]

NS

 Total fat intake T3 (%kcal)

0.36 ± 0.06 [4]

0.36 ± 0.04 [3]

NS

0.36 ± 0.06 [10]

0.36 ± 0.06 [10]

NS

 Saturated fat intake T3 (%kcal)

13.50 ± 4.34 [4]

14.10 ± 4.27 [3]

NS

13.73 ± 4.00 [10]

13.24 ± 3.76 [10]

NS

 Monounsaturated fat intake T3 (%kcal)

11.36 ± 2.62 [4]

11.60 ± 2.67 [3]

NS

11.39 ± 2.07 [10]

11.33 ± 2.72 [10]

NS

 Polyunsaturated fat intake T3 (%kcal)

5.52 ± 1.91 [4]

5.93 ± 1.61 [3]

NS

5.43 ± 2.07 [10]

5.59 ± 1.63 [10]

NS

New-born anthropometry

 Gestational age (days)

280 ± 10.00 [1]

284 ± 8.00

0.022

282 ± 12.25

284 ± 10.00

0.048

 Child sex - female

17 (65%)

11 (44%)

NS

39 (57%)

30 (47%)

NS

 Birth weight (g)

3860 ± 460.00

4090 ± 480.00

NS

3995 ± 532.50

4105 ± 550.00

NS

 Birth length (cm)

52.00 ± 3.00 [6]

52.75 ± 1.88 [7]

NS

52.50 ± 2.75 [13]

53.00 ± 3.00 [15]

NS

 Birth ponderal index (100 g/cm3)

2.60 ± 0.28 [6]

2.81 ± 0.50 [7]

NS

2.73 ± 0.44 [13]

2.70 ± 0.41 [15]

NS

  1. Values are reported in absolute number (%) or median ± interquartile range. Numbers in square brackets indicate the amount of missing values. P-values were calculated via Mann-Whitney U-tests and chi-square tests. Abbreviations: GI glycaemic index, T1/T2/T3 (Pregnancy) Trimester 1/2/3, NS non significant