Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric, dietary intake and serum biochemical parameters according to the tertiles of dietary glycemic indexa
Dietary glycemic index tertiles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | P valueb | |
Age (years) | 43.3 ± 14.4 | 43.4 ± 14.2 | 38.3 ± 14.2 | 0.252 |
Female (%) | 85.3 | 70.6 | 78.8 | 0.514 |
Low physical activity (%) | 47.1 | 44.1 | 42.4 | 0.882 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 33.8 ± 10.7 | 36.6 ± 10.8 | 35.3 ± 10.6 | 0.561 |
Waist Circumference | 107.1 ± 22.5 | 113.2 ± 22.0 | 107.6 ± 24.3 | 0.491 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 86.7 ± 12.1 | 86.7 ± 10.9 | 87.6 ± 8.3 | 0.925 |
Insulin (μU/mL) | 6.0 (4.4–9.8) | 5.8 (3.1–8.1) | 9.4 (5.6–19.6) | 0.007 |
HOMA-IR | 1.74 ± 1.5 | 1.47 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 4.3 | 0.012 |
Insulin resistant (%) | 11.8 | 5.9 | 22.3 | 0.020 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 68.0 (61.7–90.2) | 66.5 (60.2–83.7) | 72.5(65.0–87.5) | 0.463 |
Apelin (pg/mL) | 263.2 ± 68.9 | 244.4 ± 82.6 | 302.6 ± 120.6 | 0.048 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2778 ± 628 | 2951 ± 849 | 2896 ± 1027 | 0.694 |
Total carbohydrate (% of energy) | 54.6 ± 6.1 | 57.8 ± 8.2 | 57.7 ± 6.7 | 0.121 |
Total carbohydrate (g/d) | 397.9 ± 53.1 | 403.4 ± 53.2 | 421.4 ± 54.9 | 0.181 |
Dietary glycemic index | 48.1 ± 5.5 | 56.5 ± 1.7 | 65.7 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 |
Dietary glycemic load | 188.8 ± 33.4 | 232.3 ± 40.8 | 275.8 ± 47.5 | < 0.001 |
High glycemic foods (serv/d) | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 8.8 ± 3.6 | 11.7 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
Medium glycemic foods (serv/d) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 1.9 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 0.258 |
Low glycemic foods (serv/d) | 11.3 ± 4.6 | 11.3 ± 6.0 | 8.4 ± 11.0 | 0.006 |
Protein (% of energy) | 14.7 ± 2.8 | 14.2 ± 2.5 | 13.7 ± 2.7 | 0.328 |
Fat (% of energy) | 33.6 ± 5.9 | 30.8 ± 6.7 | 30.7 ± 5.1 | 0.090 |