Table 1 Characteristics of prospective studies included in the meta-analysis
Author, years | Country | Population | Duration, yr | Participants | N of cases (% M) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N and sex | Age, yr | % Smoker | |||||
Jacobsen, 1986 [19] | Norway | Norwegian cohort of mostly men | 11.5 | 13,664 M; 2891 W | ≥35 | 37.9% (M only) | 94 (69.1%) |
Mills, 1991 [26] | US | AHS | 5.3 | 34,198 M&W | ≥25 | 1.4% | 52 (69.2%) |
Chyou, 1993 [27] | US | Japanese-American men | 22.0 | 7995 M | NR | 43.7% | 96 (100%) |
Stensvold, 1994 [15] | Norway | CVD screening Participants | 10.1 | 21,735 M; 21,238 W | 35–54 | 46.1% (M); 34.1% (W) | 53 (75.5%) |
Michaud, 1999 [28] | US | HPFS | 9.1 | 47,909 M | 40–75 | 9.6% | 252 (100%) |
Nagano, 2000 [29] | Japan | LSS | 11.7 | 14,873 M; 23,667 W | 52.8 (M); 56.8 (W) | 35.0% | 114 (72.8%) |
Zeegers, 2001 [16] | The Netherlands | NCS | 6.1 | 1515 M; 1598 W (sub-cohort) | 55–69 | 34.0% (M); 20.0% (W) | 569 (93.5%) |
Tripathi, 2002 [30] | US | IWHS | 13.0 | 37,459 W | 55–69 | 15.0% | 112 (0%) |
Kurahashi, 2009 [17] | Japan | JPHC | 12.6 | 49,566 M; 54,874 W | 40–69 | 52.5% (M); 6.7% (W) | 206 (79.6%) |
Ros, 2011 [21] | 5 European countries | EPIC | 9.3 | 67,914 M; 165,322 W | 53.7 (M); 52.9 (W) | 23.7% | 513 (50.5%) |
Hashibe, 2015 [31] | US | PLCO | 14.0 | 97,334 M&W | 55–74 | 9.1% | 398 (NA) |
Loftfield, 2017 [6] | US | NIH-AARP Diet and Health | 15.5 | 469,047 M&W | 50–71 | 14.2% | 6012 (84.6%) |
Sugiyama, 2017 [17] | Japan | MCS; OCS | 17.6 (MCS); 13.3 (OCS) | 73,346 M&W | 40–64 (MCS); 40–79 (OCS) | 35.3% | 274 (73.7%) |
Gapstur, 2017 [5] | US | CPS-II | 23.4 | 696,391 M&W nonsmokers | 28–94 | 0% | 1789 BCa death (NA) |
Lukic, 2018 [8] | Norway and Sweden | NOWAC; NSHDS | 13.6 | 193,439 M&W | 25–74 | 24.8% | 479 (59.7%) |
Hashemian, 2019 [9] | Finland | ATBC | 17.6 | 26,841 male smokers | 57.2 | 100% | 835 (100%) |