Subcutaneous fat mass is associated with genetic risk scores related to proinflammatory cytokine signaling and interact with physical activity in middle-aged obese adults

Table 6 Interaction of dietary and lifestyle factors and genetic risk scores (GRS) of model 7¹ in the risk of subcutaneous fat contents

	Low- GRS² (n = 999)	Medium-GRS (n = 1551)	High-GRS (n = 744)	Gene-lifestyles interaction P value³
	OR	OR (CI)	OR (CI)	Gene-lifestyles interaction P value³
Low energy	1	1.757(1.294~2.387)^***	2.515(1.762~3.590)^***	0.508
High energy⁴	1	1.676(1.129~2.487)^*	1.842(1.123~3.021)^*	0.508
Low carbohydrate	1	1.570(0.898~2.745)	2.019(1.034~3.944)^*	0.992
High carbohydrate⁵	1	1.732(1.323~2.268)^***	2.264(1.645~3.116)^***	0.992
Low protein	1	1.890(1.273~2.806)^**	2.284(1.428~3.655)^**	0.628
High protein⁶	1	1.578(1.160~2.147)^**	2.189(1.516~3.159)^***	0.628
Low fat	1	1.728(1.260~2.371)^**	2.326(1.599~3.384)^***	0.996
High fat⁷	1	1.630(1.116~2.381)^*	2.060(1.307~3.245)^**	0.996
Low SFA	1	1.875(1.350~2.604)^***	2.333(1.590~3.424)^***	0.725
High SFA⁸	1	1.494(1.044~2.139)^*	2.123(1.370~3.289)^**	0.725
Low MUFA	1	1.764(1.276~2.439)^**	2.465(1.689~3.597)^***	0.940
High MUFA⁹	1	1.599(1.106~2.312)^*	1.913(1.223~2.991)^**	0.940
Low PUFA	1	1.556(1.123~2.157)^**	1.978(1.336~2.927)^**	0.495
High PUFA¹⁰	1	1.789(1.243~2.574)^**	2.403(1.563~3.693)^***	0.495
Low alcohol drinking	1	1.743(1.347~2.256)^***	2.232(1.644~3.030)^***	0.804
High alcohol drinking¹¹	1	1.519(0.751~3.073)	2.444(1.018~5.865)^*	0.804
Low coffee intake	1	1.809(1.255~2.607)^**	2.697(1.734~4.195)^***	0.761
High coffee intake¹²	1	1.633(1.181~2.257)^**	1.936(1.325~2.829)^**	0.761
Low physical activity	1	2.113(1.593~2.804)^***	2.589(1.855~3.615)^***	0.002
High physical activity¹³	1	0.937(0.594~1.478)	1.452(0.831~2.540)	0.002

SFA saturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids
Values represent odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)
¹GRS was divided into 3 categories by tertiles of GRS in the model which included IL17A rs4711998, ADCY2 rs326149, ESRRG rs4846514, CYFIP2 rs733730, TCF7L2 rs7917983, ZNF766 rs41497444 and TGFBR3 rs7526590
²Reference was the Low-GRS
³Multivariate regression models include the corresponding main effects, interaction terms of gene and main effects (lifestyles including nutrient intake), and potential confounders such as age, gender, BMI, residence area, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat, alcohol intake, physical activity, coffee intake, smoking, and energy intake
The cutoff points were assigned by 75 percentiles of each parameters for the high group and they were as following: 100% estimated energy intake⁴, 65% carbohydrate (CHO) intake⁵, 13% protein intake⁶, 15% fat intake⁷, 2.8% saturated fatty acids (SFA)⁸, 3.7% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)⁹, 2.1% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)¹⁰, 20 g alcohol per day¹¹, 10 cups of coffee per week¹², and 1 h moderate physical activity per day¹³
^*Significantly different from Low-GRS in logistic regression analysis at ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01, ^*** P < 0.001

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