Table 1 Characteristics of the population according to percentage of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat by sex: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

 Carbohydrate (% of energy)

52.6 ± 3.5

59.0 ± 1.4

65.2 ± 3.6*

60.8 ± 6.5

60.4 ± 5.3

59.0 ± 5.4*

64.5 ± 3.9

58.9 ± 2.9

53.3 ± 4.9*

 Protein (% of energy)

14.9 ± 2.7

14.8 ± 1.9

14.4 ± 2.5*

12.4 ± 1.0

14.4 ± 0.5

17.1 ± 2.3*

14.8 ± 2.1

14.8 ± 2.4

14.1 ± 2.9*

 Fat (% of energy)

34.9 ± 4.2

29.2 ± 2.3

24.3 ± 3.4*

29.6 ± 6.2

28.2 ± 4.8

27.9 ± 4.4*

23.9 ± 2.7

29.5 ± 1.3

35.8 ± 3.6*

 Age (years)

39.5 ± 13.6

40.6 ± 13.5

43.6 ± 12.9*

41.1 ± 13.0

41.3 ± 13.4

42.5 ± 13.7

43.0 ± 13.0

40.7 ± 13.5

40.4 ± 13.7*

 Baseline BMI (kg/m2)

26.7 ± 4.3

26.6 ± 4.2

26.8 ± 4.1

26.4 ± 4.2

26.7 ± 4.1

27.1 ± 4.2*

26.8 ± 4.1

26.7 ± 4.2

26.5 ± 4.2

 Weight change (kg)

3.2 ± 7.2

3.1 ± 6.1

2.1 ± 5.7*

2.9 ± 6.1

2.9 ± 6.2

2.5 ± 6.4

2.1 ± 5.5

3.2 ± 6.3

3.0 ± 7.1*

 Baseline WC (cm)

94.4 ± 11.5

94.2 ± 10.8

95 ± 10.7

93.7 ± 11.4

94.6 ± 10.7

95.3 ± 10.6*

94.8 ± 10.6

94.5 ± 10.9

94.2 ± 11.5

 WC change (cm)

2.8 ± 6.9

2.6 ± 5.6

2.0 ± 5.3*

2.6 ± 5.7

2.4 ± 5.7

2.2 ± 6.2

2.1 ± 5.3

2.6 ± 5.9

2.6 ± 6.7

 Energy intake (kcal)

2545 ± 727

2476 ± 650

2443 ± 680

2572 ± 685

2445 ± 667

2426 ± 686*

2424 ± 678

2492 ± 658

2564 ± 719*

23.1

29

27.1*

21.7

28.2

30.7*

30.6

25.8

21.8*

 Sedentary

75.9

80.5

81.6

81.0

79.3

79.1

81.5

79.6

77.1

 Moderate

13.7

12.3

11.0

10.9

12.1

13.4

11.2

12.9

12.5

 Active

10.4

7.2

7.4

8.1

8.6

7.5

7.3

7.5

10.4

 Former/Current smoker (%)

44.1

37.3

37.3*

42.3

37.0

37.8

36.2

37.4

53.7*

 Carbohydrate (% of energy)

52.0 ± 3.8

58.8 ± 1.4

65.2 ± 4.2*

57.5 ± 7.2

58.4 ± 5.5

57.5 ± 6.0*

64.6 ± 4.3

58.7 ± 2.9

52.6 ± 4.9*

 Protein (% of energy)

14.6 ± 2.6

14.8 ± 3.5

14.4 ± 3.0

12.2 ± 1.1

14.4 ± 0.5

17.3 ± 3.5*

15.3 ± 3.9

15.0 ± 2.2

14.0 ± 2.8*

 Fat (% of energy)

36.2 ± 4.6

29.9 ± 2.6

25.0 ± 3.3*

33.3 ± 6.9

30.4 ± 5.1

29.7 ± 4.9*

24.2 ± 2.4

29.7 ± 1.3

36.7 ± 4.2*

 Age (years)

38.3 ± 12.2

39.7 ± 12.5

42.2 ± 13.1*

39.1 ± 12.5

38.5 ± 12.3

41.8 ± 12.9*

43.1 ± 13.4

39.3 ± 12.2

38.3 ± 12.2*

 Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

27.3 ± 5.2

27.2 ± 4.9

27.1 ± 5.2

27.1 ± 5.2

27.3 ± 5.1

28.1 ± 5.1*

28.0 ± 5.1

27.5 ± 5.1

27.2 ± 5.2*

 Weight change (kg)

2.6 ± 5.8

2.4 ± 5.6

2.0 ± 5.4*

2.5 ± 5.4

2.5 ± 5.9

2.2 ± 5.6

1.7 ± 5.4

2.5 ± 5.6

2.7 ± 5.8*

 Baseline WC (cm)

85.6 ± 13.5

85.4 ± 12.7

85.2 ± 13.4

85.5 ± 13.4

85.6 ± 13.3

87.5 ± 13.0*

88.2 ± 13.2

85.9 ± 13.1

85.2 ± 13.3*

 WC change (cm)

6.1 ± 8.1

6.2 ± 8.0

5.2 ± 8.0*

6.1 ± 8.0

5.8 ± 8.2

5.8 ± 8.0

5.1 ± 7.8

6.3 ± 8.2

6.1 ± 8.1*

 Energy intake (kcal)

2276 ± 661

2245 ± 632

2234 ± 679*

2319 ± 674

2268 ± 647

2187 ± 643*

2192 ± 672

2261 ± 633

2297 ± 663*

 Educational level (> 12 years)

20.3

20.5

16.8*

15.5

22.2

20.8*

17.1

21.4

19.3*

 Sedentary

84.7

84.5

85.9

85.3

85.2

84.4

86.7

84.8

84.0

 Moderate

11.6

12.0

10.7

11.3

10.9

12.1

9.9

11.9

12.1

 Active

3.7

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.9

3.6

3.4

3.3

3.9

 Former/Current smoker

5.1

4.8

2.8*

5.4

3.8

3.8

2.5

4.4

5.6*