The association of dietary macronutrients with anthropometric changes, using iso-energetic substitution models: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Hosseini-Esfahani, Firoozeh; Koochakpoor, Glareh; Mirmiran, Parvin; Ebrahimof, Samira; Azizi, Fereidoun

doi:10.1186/s12986-019-0411-2

Table 4 Adjusted waist circumference change for iso-energetic replacement of macronutrients

From: The association of dietary macronutrients with anthropometric changes, using iso-energetic substitution models: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Type of macronutrient Substitution	All		Men		Women
Type of macronutrient Substitution	β	P-value	β	P-value	β	P-value
Carbohydrate ↑
Fat ↓	−0.01	0.49	−0.05	0.80	−0.01	0.68
Protein ↓	−0.01	0.53	−0.03	0.45	0.00	0.93
Carbohydrate ↑
SFA ↓	− 0.01	0.43	− 0.03	0.24	0.01	0.73
MUFA ↓	− 0.02	0.33	− 0.04	0.08	0.01	0.75
PUFA ↓	−0.01	0.534	−0.02	0.29	0.01	0.65
Protein ↓	−0.02	0.30	−0.04	0.08	0.01	0.74
Carbohydrate ↑
Fat ↓	0.00	0.75	0.01	0.62	0.00	0.88
Plant Protein ↓	−0.01	0.58	−0.03	0.38	0.00	0.84
Animal Protein ↓	−0.01	0.53	−0.03	0.46	0.00	0.94
Carbohydrate ↑
SFA ↓	0.00	0.75	−0.00	0.99	0.02	0.43
MUFA ↓	0.00	0835	−0.02	0.37	0.02	0.50
PUFA ↓	0.00	0.91	−0.01	0.78	0.01	0.47
Plant Protein ↓	0.02	0.31	−0.04	0.07	0.01	0.69
Animal Protein ↓	0.00	0.87	−0.02	0.41	0.01	0.50
Plant protein ↑
Animal protein ↓	0.01	0.59	−0.05	0.00	0.01	0.54
Carbohydrate ↓	−0.12	0.14	−0.05	0.00	−0.15	0.48
Fat ↓	−0.12	0.16	−0.05	0.01	−0.17	0.31
Plant protein ↑
Animal protein ↓	−1.01	0.00	−0.11	0.00	−0.46	0.43
Starch ↓	−0.17	0.11	−0.07	0.00	−0.15	0.44
Non-starch ↓	−0.10	0.00	−0.12	0.00	−0.41	0.49
Fat ↓	−0.10	0.00	−0.12	0.00	−0.40	0.50
Plant protein ↑
Animal protein ↓	−0.05	0.00	−0.01	0.00	−0.03	0.07
Carbohydrate ↓	−0.05	0.00	−0.07	0.00	−0.03	0.08
SFA ↓	−0.05	0.00	−0.03	0.68	−0.06	0.00
MUFA ↓	−0.05	0.00	−0.06	0.00	−0.03	0.05
PUFA ↓	−0.05	0.00	−0.07	0.00	−0.03	0.07
Plant protein ↑
Animal protein ↓	−1.60	0.00	−0.14	0.00	−1.11	0.08
Starch ↓	−0.11	0.32	−0.09	0.00	−0.11	0.57
Non-starch ↓	−1.60	0.00	−0.15	0.00	−1.11	0.48
SFA ↓	−1.54	0.00	−0.14	0.00	−1.11	0.08
MUFA ↓	−1.57	0.00	−0.13	0.00	−1.11	0.08
PUFA ↓	−1.61	0.00	−0.15	0.00	−1.15	0.08

SFA Saturated fatty acid, MUFA Mono-unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA Poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Non-starch carbohydrates: simple sugars
The percentage of energy from macronutrients divides by 5 to calculate one unit of each macronutrient. Estimating waist circumference change was calculated using linear regression analysis for the iso-energetic increase (↑) of 1 unit of percentage of energy from one macronutrient at the expense of another (↓). Models were adjusted for baseline age (continuous), sex (except sex strata), physical activity (low, moderate and high), smoking (former and current smoker/never smoked), education level (> 12 and ≤ 12 years of education), baseline waist circumference and energy intake

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ISSN: 1743-7075

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