Table 1 Epidemiological studies showing a link between milk consumption, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Study (R = retrospective; P = prospective) | n | Type of milk | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
Dietary intervention milk vs. meat (P) Denmark | 24 | Skim milk | [3] |
British Women’s Heart and Health Study (R) UK | 4024 | Skim, low-fat, whole milk | [4] |
EPIC-Interact Study (P) Europe | 340,234 | Not fermented milk | [7] |
Physicians´ Health Study (P) USA | 21,660 | Skim, low-fat, whole milk | [6] |
Mendelian randomization study (R) Denmark | 97,881 | Milk, fat-free milk | [5] |
Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort (P) USA | 2809 | Whole milk | [9] |
Lifelines Cohort Study (P) Netherlands | 112,086 | Full-fat, skim milk | [8] |