Table 1 Participant characteristics according to fibre intakea
| Â | Categories of dietary fibre intake | P for trend b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 10,998) | Level 1 (n = 2750) | Level 2 (n = 2749) | Level 3 (n = 2749) | Level 4 (n = 2750) |  |
Intake of dietary fibre (range, g/d) | 0.839, 17.417 | 17.420, 24.134 | 24.135, 33.692 | 33.697, 173.414 | Â |
NAFLD (%) | 30.1 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 28.5 | 0.31 |
Age (years) | 39.5 (39.0, 39.9) c | 39.2 (38.7, 39.6) | 39.4 (39.0, 39.8) | 39.3 (38.9, 39.7) | 0.80 |
BMI | 24.9 (24.8, 25.0) | 24.8 (24.7, 25.0) | 25.1 (24.9, 25.2) | 25.1 (24.9, 25.2) | 0.02 |
ALT (U/L) | 23.2 (22.7, 23.6) | 22.8 (22.3, 23.2) | 23.0 (22.6, 23.5) | 22.7 (22.3, 23.2) | 0.26 |
AST (U/L) | 20.0 (19.5, 20.4) | 20.0 (19.6, 20.4) | 20.1 (19.6, 20.5) | 20.4 (20.0, 20.9) | 0.14 |
Type 2 diabetes (%) | 4.4 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 0.36 |
Hypertension (%) | 26.7 | 26.7 | 26.5 | 25.9 | 0.47 |
Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 49.2 | 45.9 | 46.6 | 44.9 | < 0.01 |
Physical activity (Mets × hours/week) | 9.3 (8.8, 9.7) | 11.1 (10.5, 11.6) | 13.2 (12.6, 13.9) | 14.3 (13.6, 15.0) | < 0.0001 |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1666.3 (1652.1, 1680.5) | 2103.2 (2085.3, 2121.2) | 2247.8 (2228.7, 2267.1) | 2346.3 (2326.4, 2366.4) | < 0.0001 |
Total fibre intake (g/d) | 12.8 (12.7, 12.9) | 20.6 (20.5, 20.8) | 28.3 (28.1, 28.5) | 46.4 (46.0, 46.7) | < 0.0001 |
Soluble fibre intake (g/d) | 5.3 (5.2, 5.4) | 9.1 (9.0, 9.2) | 13.2 (13.1, 13.4) | 24.2 (24.0, 24.5) | < 0.0001 |
Insoluble fibre intake (g/d) | 7.4 (7.3, 7.5) | 11.2 (11.1, 11.3) | 14.5 (14.4, 14.7) | 21.0 (20.8, 21.2) | < 0.0001 |
Total carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 259.2 (256.0, 262.3) | 345.3 (341.1, 349.5) | 411.5 (406.5, 416.6) | 541.2 (534.6, 547.9) | < 0.0001 |
Total fat intake (g/d) | 35.2 (34.7, 35.7) | 46.0 (45.3, 46.6) | 54.4 (53.6, 55.2) | 69.6 (68.6, 70.6) | < 0.0001 |
Whole grain intake (g/d) | 6.8 (6.5, 7.1) | 11.4 (10.9, 11.9) | 14.8 (14.2, 15.4) | 19.0 (18.3, 19.9) | < 0.0001 |
Soy foods intake (g/d) | 12.7 (12.2, 13.1) | 23.0 (22.2, 23.9) | 28.5 (27.5, 29.6) | 34.2 (32.9, 35.5) | < 0.0001 |
Vegetables intake (g/d) | 162.2 (159.6, 164.9) | 239.4 (235.5, 243.3) | 296.6 (291.8, 301.4) | 389.4 (383.1, 395.8) | < 0.0001 |
Fruits intake (g/d) | 119.4 (116.6, 122.2) | 227.5 (222.2, 232.9) | 335.6 (327.8, 343.5) | 607.7 (593.7, 622.1) | < 0.0001 |
Nuts intake (g/d) | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5) | 5.5 (5.3, 5.7) | 7.2 (6.9, 7.4) | 9.3 (8.9, 9.6) | < 0.0001 |
Sweet foods intake (g/d) | 8.3 (7.8, 8.7) | 14.3 (13.5, 15.1) | 18.0 (17.0, 19.1) | 29.5 (27.9, 31.3) | < 0.0001 |
Red meat intake (g/d) | 26.3 (25.3, 27.4) | 32.5 (31.3, 33.8) | 34.6 (33.3, 36.0) | 34.1 (32.8, 35.5) | < 0.0001 |
White meat intake (g/d) | 16.6 (15.9, 17.4) | 21.0 (20.1, 21.9) | 23.9 (22.9, 24.9) | 26.6 (25.5, 27.7) | < 0.0001 |
DHA + EPA intake (g/d) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.6) | 5.6 (5.5, 5.7) | < 0.0001 |
Education (≥ College graduate, %) | 64.6 | 69.9 | 70.1 | 69.0 | < 0.01 |
Household income (≥ 10,000 Yuan, %) | 32.1 | 37.9 | 37.0 | 35.1 | 0.17 |
Smoking status (%) | |||||
 Smoker | 39.7 | 35.8 | 34.0 | 32.4 | < 0.0001 |
  Ex-smoker | 9.3 | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.3 | 0.28 |
 Non-smoker | 51.0 | 55.4 | 56.7 | 59.3 | < 0.0001 |
Drinker (%) | |||||
 Everyday | 7.0 | 6.7 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 0.07 |
 Sometime | 71.3 | 72.9 | 73.4 | 70.3 | 0.31 |
 Ex-drinker | 11.0 | 9.6 | 11.3 | 10.7 | 0.73 |
 Non-drinker | 10.8 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 13.0 | 0.01 |
Employment status (%) | |||||
 Managers | 39.3 | 42.1 | 43.4 | 44.9 | < 0.0001 |
 Professionals | 21.9 | 21.7 | 21.3 | 20.5 | 0.20 |
 Other | 38.9 | 36.2 | 35.3 | 34.6 | < 0.01 |
Family history of diseases (%) | |||||
 CVD | 25.0 | 25.5 | 25.8 | 22.3 | 0.02 |
 Hypertension | 45.1 | 44.9 | 47.3 | 43.2 | 0.33 |
 Diabetes | 22.6 | 22.2 | 22.3 | 21.0 | 0.18 |
Women (n = 12,531) | Level 1 (n = 3133) | Level 2 (n = 3133) | Level 3 (n = 3132) | Level 4 (n = 3133) |  |
 Intake of dietary fibre (range, g/d) | 0.400, 16.161 | 16.164, 22.284 | 22.287, 30.760 | 30.764, 193.433 |  |
NAFLD (%) | 10.0 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 0.89 |
 Age (years) | 38.0 (37.7, 38.4) | 38.6 (38.2, 39.0) | 39.1 (38.8, 39.5) | 39.1 (38.7, 39.5) | < 0.01 |
 BMI | 22.5 (22.4, 22.6) | 22.6 (22.4, 22.7) | 22.6 (22.5, 22.7) | 22.6 (22.5, 22.7) | 0.07 |
 ALT (U/L) | 14.3 (14.1, 14.5) | 14.4 (14.2, 14.6) | 14.5 (14.3, 14.8) | 14.6 (14.4, 14.8) | 0.04 |
 AST (U/L) | 17.4 (17.1, 17.8) | 17.8 (17.4, 18.1) | 17.9 (17.5, 18.2) | 18.3 (17.9, 18.7) | < 0.001 |
 Type 2 diabetes (%) | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.01 |
 Hypertension (%) | 11.8 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 0.25 |
 Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 31.5 | 31.8 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 0.21 |
 Physical activity (Mets × hours/week) | 7.1 (6.8, 7.4) | 9.1 (8.7, 9.5) | 9.3 (8.9, 9.7) | 10.2 (9.7, 10.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1456.3 (1443.7, 1469.0) | 1906.6 (1890.1, 1923.2) | 2134.7 (2116.2, 2153.3) | 2304.6 (2284.7, 2324.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Total fibre intake (g/d) | 11.9 (11.8, 12.0) | 19.1 (19.0, 19.3) | 26.0 (25.8, 26.2) | 42.8 (42.4, 43.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Soluble fibre intake (g/d) | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0) | 8.3 (8.2, 8.4) | 12.0 (11.8, 12.1) | 21.8 (21.6, 22.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Insoluble fibre intake (g/d) | 6.8 (6.7, 6.9) | 10.5 (10.4, 10.6) | 13.5 (13.4, 13.6) | 19.9 (19.7, 20.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Total carbohydrate intake (g/d) | 237.6 (234.9, 240.3) | 316.5 (313.0, 320.2) | 372.1 (367.9, 376.4) | 493.1 (487.5, 498.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Total fat intake (g/d) | 29.2 (28.8, 29.6) | 38.1 (37.6, 38.6) | 44.5 (43.9, 45.1) | 57.8 (57.1, 58.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Whole grain intake (g/d) | 6.6 (6.4, 6.9) | 11.2 (10.8, 11.6) | 13.8 (13.3, 14.3) | 17.2 (16.6, 17.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Soy foods intake (g/d) | 11.8 (11.4, 12.2) | 20.7 (20.0, 21.4) | 26.3 (25.4, 27.2) | 33.4 (32.3, 34.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Vegetables intake (g/d) | 149.2 (146.9, 151.6) | 217.1 (213.7, 220.6) | 271.0 (266.7, 275.3) | 367.5 (361.7, 373.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Fruits intake (g/d) | 147.1 (144.3, 150.0) | 255.4 (250.5, 260.4) | 359.1 (352.1, 366.2) | 626.2 (614.1, 638.6) | < 0.0001 |
 Nuts intake (g/d) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.0 (4.9, 5.2) | 6.5 (6.3, 6.7) | 8.2 (7.9, 8.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Sweet foods intake (g/d) | 12.1 (11.6, 12.8) | 17.8 (16.9, 18.7) | 21.6 (20.5, 22.7) | 30.4 (28.9, 32.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Red meat intake (g/d) | 15.9 (15.3, 16.6) | 19.3 (18.5, 20.1) | 20.2 (19.4, 21.0) | 20.6 (19.8, 21.4) | < 0.0001 |
 White meat intake (g/d) | 12.1 (11.6, 12.6) | 14.0 (13.5, 14.6) | 16.0 (15.4, 16.7) | 17.8 (17.0, 18.5) | < 0.0001 |
 DHA + EPA intake (g/d) | 2.9 (2.8, 3.0) | 3.4 (3.3, 3.5) | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 4.7 (4.6, 4.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Education (≥ College graduate, %) | 61.3 | 67.4 | 65.0 | 64.0 | 0.35 |
 Household income (≥ 10,000 Yuan, %) | 32.0 | 35.9 | 34.8 | 33.6 | 0.55 |
Smoking status (%) | |||||
 Smoker | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 | < 0.01 |
 Ex-smoker | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.94 |
 Non-smoker | 96.9 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 98.0 | 0.02 |
Drinker (%) | |||||
 Everyday | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | < 0.01 |
 Sometime | 42.3 | 40.0 | 39.5 | 37.4 | < 0.001 |
 Ex-drinker | 9.7 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 10.0 | 0.88 |
 Non-drinker | 47.6 | 49.4 | 50.6 | 51.6 | < 0.01 |
Employment status (%) | |||||
 Managers | 36.1 | 41.4 | 45.0 | 41.6 | < 0.0001 |
 Professionals | 12.5 | 13.6 | 11.9 | 13.2 | 0.89 |
 Other | 51.4 | 45.0 | 43.1 | 45.2 | < 0.0001 |
Family history of diseases (%) | |||||
 CVD | 30.7 | 29.2 | 29.3 | 27.5 | < 0.01 |
 Hypertension | 50.6 | 49.4 | 49.8 | 48.0 | 0.06 |
 Diabetes | 26.6 | 26.7 | 26.2 | 22.4 | < 0.0001 |