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Table 1 Characteristics of study adolescents and their parents recruited from three southern states of Peninsular Malaysia

From: Associations of an empirical dietary pattern with cardiometabolic risk factors in Malaysian adolescents

Characteristics

n (%)

p-value

Male

(n = 300)

Female

(n = 633)

Total

School location

 Urban

147 (49.0)

287 (45.3)

434 (46.5)

0.29

 Rural

153 (51.0)

346 (54.7)

499 (53.5)

 

School size

 Small (≤100 students)

19 (6.3)

39 (6.2)

58 (6.2)

0.93

 Medium (101–199 students)

109 (36.3)

238 (37.6)

347 (37.2)

 

 Large (≥200 students)

172 (57.3)

356 (56.2)

528 (56.6)

 

Ethnicity

 Malay

262 (87.3)

552 (87.2)

814 (87.2)

0.95

 Chinese

21 (7.0)

42 (6.6)

63 (6.8)

 

 Indian

14 (4.7)

30 (4.7)

44 (4.7)

 

 Others

3 (1.0)

9 (1.4)

12 (1.3)

 

Parental Income, n = 599a

 Below median

159 (88.3)

372 (88.8)

531 (88.6)

0.89

 Above median

21 (11.7)

47 (11.2)

68 (11.4)

 

Educational level of mother, n = 818

 No formal education/Primary

23 (9.5)

68 (11.8)

91 (11.1)

0.58

 Secondary school

179 (74.3)

425 (73.7)

604 (73.8)

 

 Higher institution

39 (16.2)

84 (14.6)

123 (15.0)

 

Physical activity total score, n = 793

2.77 (±0.72)

2.40 (±0.57)

2.52 (±0.64)

< 0.001

‘High sugar, high fibre, high DED and low fat’ DP z-score, n = 583

−0.15 (±1.14)

0.06 (±1.40)

0.00 (±1.33)

0.08

  1. aMedian monthly household income (RM 5, 228) based on Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey 2016. p < 0.05 considered significant. DED Dietary Energy Density, DP Dietary Pattern