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Table 1 Maternal and infant characteristics according to maternal BMI during early pregnancy a

From: Association of maternal BMI during early pregnancy with infant anemia: a large Chinese birth cohort

Characteristic

Underweight (n = 1507)

Normal weight (n = 10,829)

Overweight (n = 4124)

Obesity (n = 733)

P

Mother

 Age (years)

23.1 ± 2.4

23.5 ± 2.6

24.0 ± 3.2

24.4 ± 3.7

< 0.001*

 Weight (kg)

47.1 (45.0, 50.0)

55.0 (51.9, 57.55)

63.0 (60.1, 66.45)

76.3 (72.3, 81.2)

< 0.001*

 Height (cm)

160.0 (158.0, 164.0)

160.0 (157.0, 163.0)

160.0 (157.0, 162.0)

160.0 (157.0, 163.0)

< 0.001*

 Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

17.8 (17.2, 18.2)

20.9 (19.9, 21.9)

24.2 (23.5, 25.3)

29.3 (28.3, 31.0)

< 0.001*

 Rate of gestational weight gain (kg/week)

0.6 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

0.4 ± 0.2

0.4 ± 0.2

< 0.001*

 Micronutrient supplementation

    

0.709

  Folic acid

515 (34.2)

3610 (33.3)

1385 (33.5)

227 (31.0)

 

  Iron-folic acid

505 (33.5)

3613 (33.4)

1388 (33.7)

244 (33.3)

 

 Multiple micronutrients

487 (32.3)

3606 (33.3)

1351 (32.8)

262 (35.7)

 

 Education status

    

< 0.001*

  Primary school or less

29 (1.9)

148 (1.4)

75 (1.8)

22 (3.0)

 

  Middle school

1202 (79.8)

8719 (80.5)

3268 (79.2)

617 (84.2)

 

 High school or above

276 (18.3)

1962 (18.1)

781 (19.0)

94 (12.8)

 

 Han ethnicity

1490 (98.9)

10,710 (98.9)

4067 (98.6)

721 (98.4)

0.341

 Farmer occupation

1348 (89.5)

9864 (91.1)

3742 (90.7)

690 (94.1)

0.003*

Anemia during mid-pregnancy

119 (7.9)

670 (6.2)

256 (6.2)

37 (5.1)

0.033*

Infant

 Male sex

767 (50.9)

5712 (52.8)

2137 (51.8)

404 (55.2)

0.206

 Birth weight (g)

3193.1 ± 353.4

3280.1 ± 368.7

3354.5 ± 407.6

3448.1 ± 474.9

< 0.001*

 Gestational age (weeks)

39.0 ± 1.6

38.9 ± 1.6

38.8 ± 1.7

38.7 ± 1.8

< 0.001*

 Mode of vaginal delivery

863 (57.3)

5921 (54.7)

1781 (43.2)

210 (28.7)

< 0.001*

 Feeding mode

    

0.176

  Exclusively breast-feeding

480 (31.9)

3440 (31.8)

1249 (30.3)

231 (31.5)

 

  Most breast-feeding

364 (24.1)

2471 (22.8)

1005 (24.4)

176 (24.0)

 

  Partly breast-feeding

549 (36.4)

4044 (37.3)

1522 (36.9)

251 (34.2)

 

  Formula feeding

89 (5.9)

667 (6.2)

263 (6.4)

51 (7.0)

 

  Missing

25 (1.7)

207 (1.9)

85 (2.0)

24 (3.3)

 
  1. a Unadjusted means ± SDs or median (IQR) were computed for continuous variables, and number (proportions) for categorical variables
  2. *P < 0.05 (Chi-squared test for categorical variables, and analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables)