From: Association of maternal BMI during early pregnancy with infant anemia: a large Chinese birth cohort
Characteristic | Underweight (n = 1507) | Normal weight (n = 10,829) | Overweight (n = 4124) | Obesity (n = 733) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | |||||
 Age (years) | 23.1 ± 2.4 | 23.5 ± 2.6 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 24.4 ± 3.7 | < 0.001* |
 Weight (kg) | 47.1 (45.0, 50.0) | 55.0 (51.9, 57.55) | 63.0 (60.1, 66.45) | 76.3 (72.3, 81.2) | < 0.001* |
 Height (cm) | 160.0 (158.0, 164.0) | 160.0 (157.0, 163.0) | 160.0 (157.0, 162.0) | 160.0 (157.0, 163.0) | < 0.001* |
 Early pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 17.8 (17.2, 18.2) | 20.9 (19.9, 21.9) | 24.2 (23.5, 25.3) | 29.3 (28.3, 31.0) | < 0.001* |
 Rate of gestational weight gain (kg/week) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | < 0.001* |
 Micronutrient supplementation |  |  |  |  | 0.709 |
  Folic acid | 515 (34.2) | 3610 (33.3) | 1385 (33.5) | 227 (31.0) |  |
  Iron-folic acid | 505 (33.5) | 3613 (33.4) | 1388 (33.7) | 244 (33.3) |  |
 Multiple micronutrients | 487 (32.3) | 3606 (33.3) | 1351 (32.8) | 262 (35.7) |  |
 Education status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
  Primary school or less | 29 (1.9) | 148 (1.4) | 75 (1.8) | 22 (3.0) |  |
  Middle school | 1202 (79.8) | 8719 (80.5) | 3268 (79.2) | 617 (84.2) |  |
 High school or above | 276 (18.3) | 1962 (18.1) | 781 (19.0) | 94 (12.8) |  |
 Han ethnicity | 1490 (98.9) | 10,710 (98.9) | 4067 (98.6) | 721 (98.4) | 0.341 |
 Farmer occupation | 1348 (89.5) | 9864 (91.1) | 3742 (90.7) | 690 (94.1) | 0.003* |
Anemia during mid-pregnancy | 119 (7.9) | 670 (6.2) | 256 (6.2) | 37 (5.1) | 0.033* |
Infant | |||||
 Male sex | 767 (50.9) | 5712 (52.8) | 2137 (51.8) | 404 (55.2) | 0.206 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3193.1 ± 353.4 | 3280.1 ± 368.7 | 3354.5 ± 407.6 | 3448.1 ± 474.9 | < 0.001* |
 Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.6 | 38.9 ± 1.6 | 38.8 ± 1.7 | 38.7 ± 1.8 | < 0.001* |
 Mode of vaginal delivery | 863 (57.3) | 5921 (54.7) | 1781 (43.2) | 210 (28.7) | < 0.001* |
 Feeding mode |  |  |  |  | 0.176 |
  Exclusively breast-feeding | 480 (31.9) | 3440 (31.8) | 1249 (30.3) | 231 (31.5) |  |
  Most breast-feeding | 364 (24.1) | 2471 (22.8) | 1005 (24.4) | 176 (24.0) |  |
  Partly breast-feeding | 549 (36.4) | 4044 (37.3) | 1522 (36.9) | 251 (34.2) |  |
  Formula feeding | 89 (5.9) | 667 (6.2) | 263 (6.4) | 51 (7.0) |  |
  Missing | 25 (1.7) | 207 (1.9) | 85 (2.0) | 24 (3.3) |  |