Fig. 12

Graphical abstract. Gypenosides treatment upregulates the SHP level and downregulates the SREBP1 level, thereby decreasing SCD1 and FASN expression and inhibiting hepatic lipid synthesis. Meanwhile, gypenosides can upregulate the expression of PPARα and CPT1 and enhance fatty acid oxidation, gypenosides can also upregulate LPL and MTTP expression, which led to the promotion of lipid decomposition. In addition, gypenosides treatment could significantly upregulate FXR-mediated bile acid pathways, thereby maintaining bile acid homeostasis. FXR, farnesoid X receptor; SHP, small heterodimer partner; SREBP1, sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1; SCD1, stearyl coenzyme A desaturation enzyme 1; FASN, fatty acid synthetase; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; MTTP, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. CYP7A1, cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxy-lase; BSEP, bile salt export protein