Table 1 Characteristics of the study population in the second trimestera
Characteristics | All(n = 2479) | 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L(n = 604) | 25(OH)D<50 nmol/L(n = 1875) |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n(%) | Mean ± SD or n(%) | Mean ± SD or n(%) | |
25(OH)D status | 40.1 ± 16.7 | 63.2 ± 13.0 | 32.6 ± 9.1 |
Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
 Maternal age(years) | 29.3 ± 4.2 | 29.2 ± 4.1 | 29.3 ± 4.2 |
 Maternal education(< 9 years) | 974(39.3) | 212(35.1) | 675(36.0) |
 Maternal income(< 4000 RMB yuan/month) | 1657(66.8) | 403(66.7) | 1254(66.9) |
 Entered in summer or autumn | 1280(51.6) | 257(42.5) | 942(50.2)* |
Perinatal health status | |||
 Pre-pregnancy BMI(kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 2.8 | 21.0 ± 2.7 | 21.3 ± 2.8* |
 BMI(kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 2.9 | 23.8 ± 2.7 | 24.3 ± 2.9* |
 Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 109.8 ± 9.5 | 109.5 ± 9.9 | 109.9 ± 9.4 |
 Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 68.7 ± 7.6 | 68.6 ± 8.8 | 68.7 ± 7.3 |
 Blood glucose | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.4 |
 Multipara | 1049(42.3) | 264(43.7) | 785(41.9) |
Diet and Lifestyle | |||
 Sedentary time(≥4 h/day) | 1773(71.5) | 409(67.7) | 511(27.3)* |
 Physical activities(<3 days/week) | 1453(58.6) | 351(58.1) | 1102(58.8) |
 Paternal alcohol consumption(no times/week) | 1647(66.4) | 409(67.7) | 1238(66.0) |
 Paternal smoking(≤6 cigarettes/day) | 1980(79.9) | 481(79.6) | 1499(79.9) |
 fish oil supplement(≤3 times/week) | 2420(97.6) | 573(94.9) | 1874(98.5)* |
 multivitamin supplement(≤3 times/week) | 2264(91.3) | 495(82.0) | 1769(94.3)* |
 Milk intake(≥3 times/week) | 1417(57.2) | 375(62.1) | 1042(55.6)* |
 Soy product intake(≥3 times/week) | 1146(46.2) | 293(48.5) | 853(45.5) |
 Dessert intake(≥3 times/week) | 442(17.8) | 88(14.6) | 354(18.9)* |
Laboratory testing indicators | |||
 Hs-CRP(mg/L) | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 2.1 |
 TC(mmol/L) | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 1.0 |
 TG(mmol/L) | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 2.6 ± 1.0 |
 HDL-C(mmol/L) | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.4 |
 LDL-C(mmol/L) | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 |