Table 1 Characteristics of participants in cases of acute coronary syndrome and controls
Characteristics | Total (n = 501) | Cases (n = 254) | Controls (n = 247) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD), year | 62.92 ± 10.84 | 63.07 ± 11.02 | 62.77 ± 10.69 | 0.54 |
Sex male, No. (%) | 430(85.8%) | 217(85.4%) | 213(86.2%) | 0.90 |
Current smokers, No. (%) | 163(32.5%) | 110(43.3%) | 53(21.5%) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, No. (%) | 296(59.1%) | 149(58.7%) | 147(59.5%) | 0.92 |
Diabetes mellitus, No. (%) | 104(20.8%) | 71(28.0%) | 33(13.4%) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidaemia, No. (%) | 13(2.6%) | 5(2.0%) | 8(3.2%) | 0.54 |
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 25.06 ± 3.33 | 24.73 ± 3.53 | 25.41 ± 3.08 | 0.02 |
Smoking Index, mean (SD), pack-years | 15.13 ± 25.21 | 17.96 ± 26.37 | 12.22 ± 23.73 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mean (SD), ml/min/1.73m2 | 82.36 ± 19.90 | 80.76 ± 20.79 | 84.01 ± 18.88 | 0.07 |
Gensini Score, mean (SD) | 39.88 ± 52.01 | 76.73 ± 50.83 | 1.99 ± 2.90 | < 0.001 |
Betaine, mean (SD), μmol/L | 40.07 ± 15.94 | 41.74 ± 17.87 | 38.36 ± 13.55 | 0.02 |
Choline, mean (SD), μmol/L | 47.93 ± 33.26 | 57.04 ± 34.70 | 38.55 ± 28.99 | < 0.001 |
TMA, mean (SD), μmol/L | 4.10 ± 2.99 | 4.27 ± 3.30 | 3.93 ± 2.63 | 0.20 |
TMAO, mean (SD), μmol/L | 1.92 ± 2.08 | 1.84 ± 2.21 | 1.99 ± 1.95 | 0.42 |
Choline metabolite score, mean (SD) | 34.58 ± 21.33 | 40.21 ± 22.39 | 28.78 ± 18.56 | < 0.001 |
Ratio of betaine/choline, mean (SD), μmol/L | 1.03 ± 0.44 | 0.89 ± 0.43 | 1.18 ± 0.40 | < 0.05 |