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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Higher toenail selenium is associated with increased insulin resistance risk in omnivores, but not in vegetarians

 

Vegan

(n = 76)

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian (n = 144)

Vegetarian

(n = 220)

Omnivore

(n = 220)

Age (y)

36.84 ± 8.51

35.49 ± 8.85

35.96 ± 8.73

35.23 ± 8.93

Female, %

77.63

84.03

81.82

81.82

Vegetarian duration (y)

5.79 ± 4.46

5.52 ± 5.33

5.61 ± 5.04

BMI (kg/m2)

20.72 ± 2.27

21.17 ± 2.67

21.02 ± 2.54*

22.53 ± 3.48

Waist-to-hip ratio

0.81 ± 0.05

0.81 ± 0.05

0.81 ± 0.05*

0 .84 ± 0 .05

No alcohol, %

98.68

93.75

95.45*

81.36

No smoking, %

86.84

90.97

89.55

90.45

Physical activity (min/wk)

151.97 ± 181.98

93.16 ± 108.48

113.48 ± 140.75*

82.86 ± 114.39

Income (Yuan/month), %

 < 3000

17.11

19.44

18.64*

25.45

 3000 ~ 5000

22.37

17.36

19.09*

20

 5000 ~ 8000

18.42

29.17

25.45*

24.10

 > 8000

42.10

34.03

36.82*

30.45

 Energy (Kcal/d)

1536.32 ± 541.52

1496.98 ± 503.67

1510.57 ± 516.17*

1792.88 ± 583.46

 Protein (g/d)

48.50 ± 23.94

44.48 ± 18.92

45.87 ± 20.83*

71.52 ± 31.64

 Fat (g/d)

39.49 ± 21.22

43.02 ± 21.31

41.80 ± 21.30*

68.14 ± 34.66

 Carbohydrate (g/d)

237.96 ± 90.39

227.55 ± 84.11

231.14 ± 86.26

217.14 ± 75.72

 Fiber (g/d)

19.36 ± 11.89

13.63 ± 7.56**

15.61 ± 9.65*

12.04 ± 7.12

 FG (mmol/L)

4.58 ± 0.29

4.66 ± 0 .80

4.63 ± 0.67*

4.82 ± 0.40

 FI (mU/L)

4.76 ± 2.67

4.96 ± 2.08

4.89 ± 2.30*

6.03 ± 3.11

 HOMA-IR

0.98 ± 0.56

1.05 ± 0.60

1.03 ± 0.59*(1)

1.30 ± 0.71

 HOMA-β (%)

91.26 ± 58.47

94.85 ± 42.97

93.61 ± 48.78

97.86 ± 62.42

 Insulin resistance (%)

1.32

1.39

1.36%*

5.45

 Dietary Se intake (μg/d)

25.28 ± 23.89

25.83 ± 15.03

25.64 ± 18.52*

55.14 ± 37.51

 Toenail Se (μg/g)

0.46 ± 0.11

0.56 ± 0.17**

0.53 ± 0.16*(1)

0.69 ± 0.53

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, FG fasting blood glucose, FI fasting insulin, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment of β cell function
  2. (1)Data were assessed with covariance controlling for age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, income, and daily dietary intakes (energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber)
  3. *Statistical significance when comparing vegetarian and omnivore groups
  4. **Statistical significance when comparing vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian groups