Treadmill exercise has minimal impact on obesogenic diet-related gut microbiome changes but alters adipose and hypothalamic gene expression in rats

Table 1 Anthropometric measures at tissue collection and plasma measures

Measure	CSed	CEx	CafSed	CafEx	Main Effects (p-value)
Measure	CSed	CEx	CafSed	CafEx	Diet	Exercise	Interaction
Terminal Body Weight (g)	475.4 ± 14.9	455.6 ± 31.4	625.5 ± 26.2^a,b	583.3 ± 12.4^a,b	< 0.001	0.073	0.512
Nasoanal Length (cm)	24.5 ± 0.2	24.4 ± 0.2	25.0 ± 0.2	25.0 ± 0.1^b	< 0.001	0.914	0.450
Girth (cm)	19.1 ± 0.2	18.9 ± 0.2	22.3 ± 0.6^a,b	21.5 ± 0.4^a,b	< 0.001	0.186	0.505
Liver score	0.17 ± 0.09	0.17 ± 0.09	1.96 ± 0.17^a,b	2.08 ± 0.22^a,b			< 0.001
Heart Weight (g)	1.39 ± 0.04	1.34 ± 0.03	1.69 ± 0.07^a,b	1.62 ± 0.03^a,b	< 0.001	0.170	0.884
Absolute fat mass (g; EchoMRI)	47.51 ± 3.63	38.78 ± 3.09	139.23 ± 16.27^a,b	107.35 ± 6.81^a,b	< 0.001	0.031	0.212
RP Fat Pad Weight (% BW)	2.22 ± 0.16	1.87 ± 0.15	5.87 ± 0.43^a,b	4.73 ± 0.47^a,b	< 0.001	0.022	0.142
Epidydimal Fat Pad Weight (% BW)	2.35 ± 0.14	2.12 ± 0.17	6.01 ± 0.54^a,b	4.91 ± 0.21^a,b	< 0.001	0.032	0.126
Blood Glucose (mmol/L)	9.0 ± 0.4	9.7 ± 0.9	10.4 ± 0.5	10.2 ± 0.5	0.548	0.225	0.111
Plasma Insulin (ng/mL)	0.53 ± 0.12	0.27 ± 0.07	2.09 ± 0.32^a,b	1.68 ± 0.43^a,b	< 0.001	0.246	0.797
Plasma Leptin (ng/mL)	4.72 ± 0.55	3.81 ± 0.34	18.64 ± 1.43^a,b	15.21 ± 1.21^a,b	< 0.001	0.037	0.220
Plasma Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.12	0.86 ± 0.08	3.52 ± 0.32^a,b	3.27 ± 0.25^a,b	< 0.001	0.056	0.226
Liver Triglycerides (mg/g tissue)	3.77 ± 0.49	3.65 ± 0.44	23.32 ± 2.52^a,b	20.58 ± 2.41^a,b	< 0.001	0.423	0.465

Blood and plasma measures performed unfasted. Data expressed as mean ± SEM; n = 10–12. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, followed by post-hoc multiple comparisons with a Tukey HSD correction. Liver score was analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis test followed by non-parametric Bonferroni-Dunn post-hoc testing
^ap < 0.05 relative to CSed, ^bp < 0.05 relative to CEx

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