Table 2 Characteristics of animal studies that reported the effects of glutamine on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus
Author, year, place | Models | Daily dose | Duration | Main Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Alba-Loureiro et al., Brazil, 2009 [23] | Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1. Control, 2. Control + glutamine, 3. Diabetic, 4. Diabetic + glutamine | 1000 mg/kg | 15 days | No significant change Fasting Blood glucose, TC, body weight gain Significant decrease TG Significant increase IL-6, IL-1 |
Tsai et al., Taiwan. 2011 [20] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 6Â weeks | No significant change Fasting Plasma glucose Significant increase GSH/GSSG |
Tsai et al., Taiwan, 2012 [19] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 8Â weeks | Significant decrease GPx, SOD, Significant increase TAC, catalase, GRd, GSSG No significant change HDL, TG, LDL, TC, fasting glucose |
Tsia, Taiwan, 2012 [22] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 8 weeks | Significant increase GSH Significant decrease CRP, IL-6, IL-23, MCP-1 No significant change Fasting blood Glucose, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-17A |
Badole et al., India, 2013 [18] | Rats divided into six groups: 1. Nondiabetic, 2. Diabetic control, 3. Sitagliptin (5 mg/kg), 4. Glutamine 250 mg/kg, 5. Glutamine 500 mg/kg 6. Glutamine 1000 mg/kg | 250–500-1000 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Significant decrease MDA, fasting blood glucose, LDL,TC, TG Significant increase Plasma and pancreatic insulin, increased GLP-1, amide secretion, GSH, SOD, GPx (only the highest dose), HDL |
Bdaole et al., India, 2013 [18] | Rats divided into four groups: 1. Non-diabetic, 2. Diabetic control, 3. Sitagliptin + cycloart-23-ene-3b, 25-diol (1 mg/kg) 4. Sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) + L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg | 1000 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Significant increase SOD, GPx, GSH, insulin and GLP-1, HDL Significant decrease HbA1C, LDL, TG, TCF, fasting glucose |
Badole et al., India, 2014 [17] | Rats divided into four groups: 1. Nondiabetic control, 2. Diabetic control (distilled water 10 mg/kg), 3. Glutamine 500 mg/kg, 4. Glutamine 1000 mg/kg | 500–1000 mg/kg | 4 months | Significant decrease fasting Plasma glucose, prevent weight loss Significant increase SOD and GSH Significant decrease MDA |
Carlos Vinicius D. da Rosa et al., Brazil, 2015 [24] | Rats divided into six groups: 1. Control, 2. Diabetic + saline, 3. Control + glutamine, 4. Diabetic + glutamine, 5. Control + glutamine dipeptide (GPD), 6. Diabetic + GPD | 248 mg/kg glutamine / 400 mg/kg GPD | 30 days | Significant increase TC, HDL Significant decrease TG No significant change Fasting glucose, LDL |
Bataglini et al., Brazil, 2017 [21] | Rats were divided into 8 groups: 1. Non diabetic animals, 2. Diabetic animal with no hormones or GDP, 3. Diabetic + insulin, 4. Diabetic + insulin + cortisol, 5. Diabetic + insulin + glucagon, 6. diabetic + insulin + adrenaline, 7. Diabetic + insulin + GDP, 8. Diabetic + insulin + cortisol + GDP | 200–400-1000 mg /kg | 0–6 min | Significant decrease TAC, TG, postprandial glucose, prevented weight loss |
Medras et al., Egypt, 2017 [25] | Rats divided into 5 groups: 1. Vehicle group, 2. Diabetic rats receiving saline, 3. Diabetic rats receiving liraglutide, 4. Diabetic rats with glutamine, 5. Diabetic rats with liraglutide and glutamine | 4.5Â mg/kg | 4Â weeks | Significant increase Insulin production Significant decrease Fasting Blood glucose No significant change TC, TG |