Table 1 Metabolic risk factors in Caucasian European (N = 158) and Asian Chinese (N = 199) enrolled in the TOFI_Asia Study

n

158

199

% female

59

54

Age (year)

41.7 ± 16.1

40.5 ± 13.3

Anthropometry

Weight (kg)

79.9 ± 15.7

75.6 ± 14.4

Height (m)

1.72 ± 0.09

1.66 ± 0.08

BMI (kg/m²)

26.9 ± 4.6

27.2 ± 3.9

Waist circumference (cm)

90.3 ± 14.1

90.0 ± 10.8

Hip circumference (cm)

101.1 ± 11.8

99.1 ± 10.2

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a

120 ± 15

122 ± 17

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a

66 ± 8

69 ± 11

Body composition—^b DXA

Total body fat (TBF) mass (kg)

26.6 ± 11.4

25.5 ± 7.8

%TBF

33.8 ± 10.2

35.0 ± 7.2

Abdominal adipose tissue (AAT) mass (kg)

2.3 ± 1.4

2.4 ± 1.0

AAT (% of abdominal tissue mass)

36.8 ± 14.1

40.8 ± 9.1

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass (kg)

0.9 ± 0.8

1.0 ± 0.6

%VAT_TBF

2.86 ± 2.19

3.73 ± 1.98

%VAT_AAT

32.2 ± 19.9

39.7 ± 16.4

Blood biochemistry

HbA_1c^c

33.3 ± 3.6

35.8 ± 3.9

Fasting plasma glucose, FPG (mmol/L)

5.0 ± 0.6

5.3 ± 0.5

Fasting plasma insulin (pg/ml)

430.4 ± 316.5

570.6 ± 359.9

HOMA2-IR

1.8 ± 2.0

1.9 ± 1.2

HOMA2-β

140.4 ± 122.7

126.2 ± 61.4

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^d

5.0 ± 1.0

4.8 ± 0.9

Triglycerides (mmol/L), TAG^d

1.1 ± 0.6

1.4 ± 0.9

HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)^d

1.6 ± 0.4

1.4 ± 0.4

LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)^d

2.9 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.8

Alanine amino transferase, ALT (U/L)^e

15.8 ± 10.4

19.3 ± 14.0

Aspartate amino transferase, AST (U/L)^e

20.9 ± 8.7

19.9 ± 6.4

Alkaline phosphatase, ALP(U/L)^e

97.2 ± 27.2

96.2 ± 23.5

Gamma glutamyl transferase, GGT (U/L)^e

23.6 ± 18.2

30.2 ± 23.8

Amylin (pg/ml)

28.8 ± 15.2

33.8 ± 17.4

C-peptide (pg/ml)

939.7 ± 554.5

935.3 ± 460.7

Gastric inhibitory peptide, GIP (pg/ml)

72.4 ± 58.2

79.0 ± 48.0

Glucagon like peptide – 1, GLP-1 (pg/ml)

146.6 ± 62.0

165.4 ± 87.6

Glucagon (pg/ml)

59.2 ± 35.3

71.1 ± 35.1