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Table 2 Ketogenic diet-induced changes in lipids

From: Differential ketogenic diet-induced shift in CSF lipid/carbohydrate metabolome of pediatric epilepsy patients with optimal vs. no anticonvulsant response: a pilot study

  

During diet/Prediet

Compound Family

Compound

optimal response

no response

Ketone Bodies

1,2-propanediol

29.16***

7.47**

Acetoacetate

130.8***

67.5***

β-hydroxybutyrate

175.5***

57.4***

Acyl Carnitines

Propionyl-carnitine

1.50*

1.48

Acetyl-carnitine

5.19***

3.89*

Butyryl-carnitine

5.51**

2.40

Octanoyl-carnitine

9.43***

5.44

Hexanoyl-carnitine

16.09***

4.73**

3-hydroxybutyryl-carnitine

23.63***

15.84**

Carnitine Metabolism

Carnitine

0.99

1.19

Deoxycarnitine

2.00

1.35

3-dehydrocarnitine

61.96***

108.5***

Monohydroxy Fatty Acids

2-hydroxyhexanoate

1.28

2.10

3-hydroxypropanoate

2.35

1.46

γ-hydroxybutyrate

3.40***

2.06**

5-hydroxyhexanoate

6.48*

2.29*

3-hydroxyoctanoate

10.35***

3.48***

3-hydroxysebacate

22.12**

6.70

Medium Chain Fatty Acids

Nonanoic acid

0.97

1.19

Dodecanoic acid

1.05

0.98

Decanoic acid

1.14*

1.12

Octanoic acid

1.90

1.15

Heptanoic acid

2.24

0.73

Hexanoic acid

3.29

1.49

Phospholipid Metabolism

Choline

0.96

0.94

Phosphoethanolamine

1.02

1.26

Choline phosphate

1.47

2.50

Trimethylamine N-oxide

715.1**

375.3**

Amide Fatty Acid

Oleamide

0.99

16.48

Dicarboxylate Fatty Acids

2-hydroxyglutarate

2.05

1.07

CMPF

8.81*

2.61

Triglyceride Metabolism

Glycerol 3-phosphate

0.82**

0.86

Glycerol

1.22

0.89

Lysophospholipids

1-oleoyl-GPC (18:1)

0.46*

2.27

1-docosahexaenoyl-GPE (22:6)

0.93

0.84

1-oleoyl-GPE (18:1)

1.29

1.51

1-palmitoyl-GPC (16:0)

3.16

1.90

Inositol Metabolism

Scyllo-inositol

0.84

0.81

Myo-inositol

1.12

0.81

Amino Fatty Acids

2-aminoheptanoate

1.38

1.67

2-aminooctanoate

631.4

9.24*

Fatty Acid Synthesis

2-methylmalonylcarnitine

0.64***

0.69*

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Docosahexaenoate (22:6n3)

2.05

1.07

Primary Bile Acid Metabolism

Glycocholate

12.08*

2.44

Sphingolipid Metabolism

Palmitoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/16:0)

2.66*

1.73

Corticosteroids

Cortisone

0.73**

1.19

Cortisol

0.98

1.65

Androgenic Steroid

Androstenediol (3β,17β) disulfate

6.31

6.02

Sterols

7-α-HOCA

0.95

0.88*

  1. Ratios are fold changes from during KD compared to before KD. Compounds are grouped by compound family, and by optimal response ratio within that family. Significant increases are indicated with bold, significant decreases with italics. False-discovery rates: *0.10 < q < 0.20, **0.05 < q < 0.10, ***q < 0.05. 7-HOCA – 7-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate, CMPF – 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate, GPC glycerol-3-phosphocholine, GPE glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine