Table 2 Metabolic outcomes by breakfast consumption
Characteristics | Regular breakfast, mean (standard deviation) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||
Total participants | |||
Men | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 82.53 (11.2) | 83.83 (10.8) | 0.0083 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.7 (13.7) | 116.8 (12.7) | 0.9456 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.32 (11.5) | 77.53 (10.9) | <.0001 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 99.74 (22.5) | 98.05 (21.2) | 0.0003 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 149.6 (13.7) | 156.8 (13.8) | 0.0128 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 48.14 (10.9) | 47.95 (10.9) | 0.3939 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.52 (1.5) | 1.51 (1.4) | 0.7491 |
Women | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 75.69 (9.6) | 75.30 (9.7) | 0.0285 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 111.2 (14.8) | 109.0 (13.3) | <.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.47 (9.9) | 72.15 (9.5) | 0.0662 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 94.78 (18.1) | 93.68 (18.2) | 0.0010 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 105.9 (79.5) | 101.7 (73.9) | 0.0028 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 55.06 (12.2) | 56.30 (12.3) | <.0001 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.17 (1.3) | 0.97 (1.2) | <.0001 |
Non-working population | |||
Men | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 80.18 (12.5) | 81.96 (11.8) | <.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115.4 (13.5) | 116.2 (13.0) | 0.0306 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.47 (12.2) | 75.61 (11.4) | <.0001 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 98.98 (21.6) | 97.84 (22.2) | 0.0841 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 136.7 (12.5) | 148.0 (13.5) | 0.0042 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 48.47 (10.9) | 48.45 (10.8) | 0.9474 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.34 (1.4) | 1.36 (1.4) | 0.6741 |
Women | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 75.19 (10.0) | 75.41 (10.2) | 0.3559 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110.9 (14.7) | 109.0 (13.3) | <.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.89 (10.1) | 71.87 (9.6) | 0.9338 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 94.58 (17.5) | 94.20 (20.1) | 0.4166 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 107.7 (77.0) | 104.2 (72.1) | 0.0500 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 54.51 (11.9) | 55.68 (12.3) | <.0001 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.18 (1.3) | 1.03 (1.2) | <.0001 |
Working population | |||
Men | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 85.27 (8.7) | 85.40 (9.5) | 0.6219 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.3 (13.8) | 117.2 (12.4) | 0.0035 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.65 (9.8) | 79.14 (10.2) | 0.0925 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 100.6 (23.5) | 98.23 (20.4) | 0.0003 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 164.7 (14.8) | 164.3 (14.0) | 0.9257 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 47.77 (10.8) | 47.53 (10.9) | 0.4624 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.72 (1.4) | 1.63 (1.4) | 0.0375 |
Women | |||
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 76.53 (8.9) | 75.16 (9.1) | <.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 111.7 (14.9) | 108.9 (13.2) | <.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.45 (9.6) | 72.49 (9.3) | 0.0004 |
Fasting glucose level (mg/dL) | 95.12 (19.1) | 93.02 (15.4) | <.0001 |
TG level (mg/dL) | 102.9 (83.5) | 98.56 (76.0) | 0.0580 |
HDL-C level (mg/dL) | 56.00 (12.4) | 57.09 (12.4) | 0.0021 |
Number of abnormal metabolic outcomes | 1.16 (1.3) | 0.91 (1.1) | <.0001 |