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Table 3 Association between milk consumption and metabolic, skeletal, cognitive, infant and other outcomes

From: Milk consumption and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in humans

Outcomes

First author

Year

Types

No. of studies in MA

Type of studies in MA

No. of cases/total

Effects mode

Metric of MA

Effect size

95% CI

I2%

Publication bias

Significant associations

            

Most beneficial

            

Osteoporosis

Malmir

2019

Milk

6

Cohort

NA

Random

RRa

0.61

0.50–0.75

NA

no

Alzheimer's disease

Wu

2016

Milk

2

Cohort

417/NA

Random

OR

0.63

0.44–0.90

0.0

NA

Cognitive Disorders

Wu

2016

Milk

5

Cohort/cross-sectional

1273/NA

Random

OR

0.72

0.56–0.93

64.0

NA

Metabolic syndrome

Mena

2019

Milk

5

Cohort

4065/15,657

Random

RR

0.79

0.64–0.97

66.0

NA

Obesity

Wang

2016

Milk

16

Cohort/cross-sectional

NA

Random

OR

0.81

0.75–0.88

62.1

0.109

Obesity

Wang

2016

Milk

4

Cohort/cross-sectional

NA

Random

ORa

0.84

0.77–0.92

NA

NA

Metabolic syndrome

Lee

2018

Milk

9

Cohort/case control

7002/29,077

Random

RRa

0.87

0.79–0.95

44.7

0.2

T2DM

Tian

2017

Milk

7

Cohort

NA

Random

RR

0.87

0.78–0.96

52.2

0.67

Abdominal obesity

Lee

2018

Milk

7

Cohort/case control

NA

Random

RRa

0.88

0.79–0.97

56.8

NA

HTG

Lee

2018

Milk

4

Cohort/case control

NA

Random

RRb

0.90

0.81–0.98

0.0

NA

Most harmful

            

FDA

Griebler

2016

Milk

4

RCT/cohort

NA/1683

Random

RR

3.67

2.73–5.19

0.0

NA

Acne

Aghasi

2019

Milk

8

Cohort/case control/cross-sectional

3102/19,376

Fixed

OR

1.48

1.31–1.66

23.6

0.17

PD

Jiang

2014

Milk

5

Cohort

873/304,193

Random

RRb

1.45

1.23–1.73

16.1

0.62

Acne

Juhl

2018

Milk

3

Cohort

7856/53,214

Random

ORc

1.41

1.05–1.90

NA

NA

PD

Jiang

2014

Milk

4

Cohort

785/278,786

Random

RRa

1.17

1.06–1.30

NA

NA

Hip fracture

Malmir

2019

Milk

8

Cohort

NA

Random

RRa

1.09

1.07–1.11

NA

0.015

Non-significant associations

            

Dental erosion

Li

2012

Milk

4

Cohort

NA/3387

Random

OR

0.67

0.11–4.01

NA

NA

Dementia

Wu

2016

Milk

3

Cohort/cross-sectional

552/NA

Random

OR

0.70

0.48–1.02

18.0

NA

Osteoporosis

Malmir

2019

Milk

6

Cohort/case control/cross-sectional

NA

Random

RR

0.79

0.57–1.08

63.3

no

Vertebral fracture

Matia

2019

Milk

3

Cohort

NA/15,295

Random

HR

0.81

0.66–1.00

0.0

0.068

HDL-C

Lee

2018

Milk

4

Cohort/case control

NA

Random

RRb

0.89

0.75–1.04

72.8

NA

Endometriosis

Hoorsan

2017

Milk

2

Cohort/case control

1862/69,702

Random

OR

0.90

0.65–1.23

81.2

0.32

Hip fracture

Malmir

2019

Milk

10

Cohort

NA

Random

RR

0.93

0.75–1.15

86.7

0.015

T2DM

Gijsbers

2016

Milk

11

Cohort

17,241/145,472

Random

RRa

0.97

0.93–1.02

57.0

0.07

T2DM

Gijsbers

2016

High-fat milk

9

Cohort

267,588/336,061

Random

RRa

0.99

0.88–1.11

84.0

0.78

T2DM

Gijsbers

2016

Low-fat milk

7

Cohort

200,981/267,588

Random

RRa

1.01

0.97–1.05

72.0

NA

Cognitive function

Lee

2018

Milk

3

Cohort

714/5460

Random

RR

1.21

0.81–1.82

64.1

NA

  1. MA meta-analysis, CI confidence interval, RR risk ratio, OR odds ratio, HR hazard ratio, MD mean difference, PD Parkinson’s disease, FDA Fe-deficiency anaemia, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, HTG hypertriacylglycerolaemia, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NA not available
  2. a200 g/day; bhighest versus lowest; c≤ 1 glass/week versus 1 glass/day