Outcomes | First author | Year | Types | No. of studies in MA | Type of studies in MA | No. of cases/total | Effects mode | Metric of MA | Effect size | 95% CI | I2% | Publication bias |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Significant associations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Most beneficial | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Osteoporosis | Malmir | 2019 | Milk | 6 | Cohort | NA | Random | RRa | 0.61 | 0.50–0.75 | NA | no |
Alzheimer's disease | Wu | 2016 | Milk | 2 | Cohort | 417/NA | Random | OR | 0.63 | 0.44–0.90 | 0.0 | NA |
Cognitive Disorders | Wu | 2016 | Milk | 5 | Cohort/cross-sectional | 1273/NA | Random | OR | 0.72 | 0.56–0.93 | 64.0 | NA |
Metabolic syndrome | Mena | 2019 | Milk | 5 | Cohort | 4065/15,657 | Random | RR | 0.79 | 0.64–0.97 | 66.0 | NA |
Obesity | Wang | 2016 | Milk | 16 | Cohort/cross-sectional | NA | Random | OR | 0.81 | 0.75–0.88 | 62.1 | 0.109 |
Obesity | Wang | 2016 | Milk | 4 | Cohort/cross-sectional | NA | Random | ORa | 0.84 | 0.77–0.92 | NA | NA |
Metabolic syndrome | Lee | 2018 | Milk | 9 | Cohort/case control | 7002/29,077 | Random | RRa | 0.87 | 0.79–0.95 | 44.7 | 0.2 |
T2DM | Tian | 2017 | Milk | 7 | Cohort | NA | Random | RR | 0.87 | 0.78–0.96 | 52.2 | 0.67 |
Abdominal obesity | Lee | 2018 | Milk | 7 | Cohort/case control | NA | Random | RRa | 0.88 | 0.79–0.97 | 56.8 | NA |
HTG | Lee | 2018 | Milk | 4 | Cohort/case control | NA | Random | RRb | 0.90 | 0.81–0.98 | 0.0 | NA |
Most harmful | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
FDA | Griebler | 2016 | Milk | 4 | RCT/cohort | NA/1683 | Random | RR | 3.67 | 2.73–5.19 | 0.0 | NA |
Acne | Aghasi | 2019 | Milk | 8 | Cohort/case control/cross-sectional | 3102/19,376 | Fixed | OR | 1.48 | 1.31–1.66 | 23.6 | 0.17 |
PD | Jiang | 2014 | Milk | 5 | Cohort | 873/304,193 | Random | RRb | 1.45 | 1.23–1.73 | 16.1 | 0.62 |
Acne | Juhl | 2018 | Milk | 3 | Cohort | 7856/53,214 | Random | ORc | 1.41 | 1.05–1.90 | NA | NA |
PD | Jiang | 2014 | Milk | 4 | Cohort | 785/278,786 | Random | RRa | 1.17 | 1.06–1.30 | NA | NA |
Hip fracture | Malmir | 2019 | Milk | 8 | Cohort | NA | Random | RRa | 1.09 | 1.07–1.11 | NA | 0.015 |
Non-significant associations | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Dental erosion | Li | 2012 | Milk | 4 | Cohort | NA/3387 | Random | OR | 0.67 | 0.11–4.01 | NA | NA |
Dementia | Wu | 2016 | Milk | 3 | Cohort/cross-sectional | 552/NA | Random | OR | 0.70 | 0.48–1.02 | 18.0 | NA |
Osteoporosis | Malmir | 2019 | Milk | 6 | Cohort/case control/cross-sectional | NA | Random | RR | 0.79 | 0.57–1.08 | 63.3 | no |
Vertebral fracture | Matia | 2019 | Milk | 3 | Cohort | NA/15,295 | Random | HR | 0.81 | 0.66–1.00 | 0.0 | 0.068 |
HDL-C | Lee | 2018 | Milk | 4 | Cohort/case control | NA | Random | RRb | 0.89 | 0.75–1.04 | 72.8 | NA |
Endometriosis | Hoorsan | 2017 | Milk | 2 | Cohort/case control | 1862/69,702 | Random | OR | 0.90 | 0.65–1.23 | 81.2 | 0.32 |
Hip fracture | Malmir | 2019 | Milk | 10 | Cohort | NA | Random | RR | 0.93 | 0.75–1.15 | 86.7 | 0.015 |
T2DM | Gijsbers | 2016 | Milk | 11 | Cohort | 17,241/145,472 | Random | RRa | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 57.0 | 0.07 |
T2DM | Gijsbers | 2016 | High-fat milk | 9 | Cohort | 267,588/336,061 | Random | RRa | 0.99 | 0.88–1.11 | 84.0 | 0.78 |
T2DM | Gijsbers | 2016 | Low-fat milk | 7 | Cohort | 200,981/267,588 | Random | RRa | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 72.0 | NA |
Cognitive function | Lee | 2018 | Milk | 3 | Cohort | 714/5460 | Random | RR | 1.21 | 0.81–1.82 | 64.1 | NA |