|
Age (y)
|
35.2 ± 0.9
|
37.7 ± 0.9
|
0.16
|
37.6 ± 0.8
|
37.9 ± 0.8
|
0.62
|
35.0 ± 1.6
|
35.7 ± 1.6
|
0.82
|
|
Female (%)
|
61.5
|
55.7
|
0.41
|
40.7
|
36.0
|
0.49
|
53.5
|
65.7
|
0.33
|
|
Physical activity (MET h-week)
|
4.3 ± 0.3
|
4.2 ± 0.3
|
0.45
|
4.3 ± 0.3
|
4.4 ± 0.3
|
0.58
|
4.2 ± 0.3
|
4.3 ± 0.3
|
0.51
|
|
Current smoking (%)
|
21.5
|
19.6
|
0.63
|
22.6
|
15.1
|
0.04
|
29.6
|
14.3
|
0.05
|
|
Academic degrees (%)
|
19.5
|
33.0
|
0.01
|
20.4
|
24.9
|
0.14
|
26.8
|
22.9
|
0.48
|
|
Occupational status, employed (%)
|
41.0
|
45.6
|
0.46
|
40.4
|
43.4
|
0.72
|
50.7
|
32.9
|
0.08
|
|
Family history of diabetes (%)
|
33.3
|
37.6
|
0.76
|
35.4
|
28.9
|
0.62
|
32.4
|
28.6
|
0.08
|
|
Family history of CVD events (%)
|
16.9
|
16.0
|
0.73
|
38.9
|
40.9
|
0.98
|
25.4
|
10.0
|
0.08
|
|
BMI at baseline (kg/m2)
|
25.7 ± 0.3
|
25.9 ± 0.3
|
0.89
|
25.7 ± 0.3
|
26.0 ± 0.3
|
0.11
|
25.7 ± 0.5
|
25.0 ± 0.5
|
0.64
|
|
Dietary variables
|
|
Total energy (Kcal/d)
|
2123 ± 87
|
2562 ± 88
|
0.002
|
2106 ± 44
|
2460 ± 44
|
< 0.001
|
2181 ± 81
|
2640 ± 81
|
< 0.001
|
|
Carbohydrate (% of total energy)
|
60.3 ± 1.0
|
61.8 ± 1.0
|
0.17
|
61.2 ± 0.7
|
61.7 ± 0.7
|
0.82
|
059.5 ± 1.2
|
61.5 ± 1.2
|
0.43
|
|
Protein (% of total energy)
|
14.3 ± 0.9
|
14.5 ± 0.9
|
0.23
|
14.5 ± 0.2
|
14.6 ± 0.2
|
0.19
|
14.0 ± 0.3
|
14.5 ± 0.3
|
0.06
|
|
Fat (% of total energy)
|
30.8 ± 0.4
|
30.5 ± 0.4
|
0.13
|
29.6 ± 0.3
|
30.0 ± 0.3
|
0.69
|
31.0 ± 0.6
|
30.4 ± 0.6
|
0.75
|
|
SFA (% of total energy)
|
10.3 ± 0.2
|
9.7 ± 0.2
|
0.11
|
9.9 ± 0.2
|
9.6 ± 0.2
|
0.44
|
9.7 ± 0.3
|
9.6 ± 0.3
|
0.22
|
|
MUFA (% of total energy)
|
10.7 ± 0.3
|
10.2 ± 0.3
|
0.47
|
10.1 ± 0.1
|
10.1 ± 0.1
|
0.98
|
10.8 ± 0.3
|
10.1 ± 0.3
|
0.13
|
|
PUFA (% of total energy)
|
6.2 ± 0.1
|
6.3 ± 0.1
|
0.32
|
5.9 ± 0.1
|
6.2 ± 0.1
|
0.14
|
6.6 ± 0.2
|
6.2 ± 0.2
|
0.11
|
|
Total fiber (g/d)
|
37.9 ± 1.2
|
47.2 ± 1.2
|
< 0.001
|
39.2 ± 1.2
|
46.1 ± 1.2
|
< 0.001
|
39.6 ± 2.2
|
49.8 ± 2.2
|
< 0.001
|
|
Cholesterol (g/d)
|
200 ± 24
|
258 ± 24
|
0.07
|
209 ± 7.5
|
240 ± 7.6
|
0.018
|
202 ± 12
|
255 ± 12
|
0.013
|
|
Vegetable (g/d)
|
247 ± 11
|
338 ± 11
|
< 0.001
|
247 ± 9
|
320 ± 9
|
< 0.001
|
246 ± 15
|
333 ± 15
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fruit (g/d)
|
279 ± 18
|
497 ± 18
|
< 0.001
|
303 ± 20
|
472 ± 20
|
< 0.001
|
270 ± 32
|
510 ± 32
|
< 0.001
|
|
Meat, processed meat and organ meat(g/d)
|
23.9 ± 0.3
|
33.3 ± 1.3
|
< 0.001
|
24.8 ± 1.4
|
28.4 ± 1.4
|
0.12
|
24.3 ± 2.5
|
31.7 ± 2.5
|
0.09
|
|
Poultry and fish (g/d)
|
33.0 ± 2.9
|
46.8 ± 2.9
|
< 0.001
|
35.5 ± 6
|
150 ± 6
|
0.06
|
32.3 ± 3.8
|
44.5 ± 3.9
|
0.06
|
|
Whole grain (g/d)
|
137 ± 6
|
151 ± 7
|
0.37
|
139 ± 6
|
150 ± 6
|
0.25
|
115 ± 9.8
|
158 ± 9.9
|
0.01
|
|
Refined grain (g/day)
|
336 ± 12
|
315 ± 12
|
0.43
|
322 ± 9
|
314 ± 9
|
0.31
|
378 ± 19
|
342 ± 19
|
0.04
|
|
Legumes (g/d)
|
31.0 ± 1.8
|
39.8 ± 1.8
|
0.001
|
35.9 ± 1.6
|
39.6 ± 1.6
|
0.10
|
35.3 ± 3.9
|
50.1 ± 3.9
|
0.007
|
|
Dairy products (g/d)
|
353 ± 16
|
420 ± 16
|
0.013
|
344 ± 14
|
410 ± 14
|
0.004
|
336 ± 25
|
435 ± 26
|
0.02
|
