Table 1 Basic characteristics of study participants according to sex and obesity status
Characteristics | Men (n = 1017) | Women (n = 2402) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-obesity (n = 612) | Obesity (n = 405) | p value | Non-obesity (n = 1569) | Obesity (n = 833) | p value | |
Age (years) | 58.7 ± 9.1 | 59.3 ± 9.0 | 0.338 | 56.4 ± 8.9 | 57.4 ± 8.1 | 0.006 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 1.7 | 27.1 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | 22.4 ± 1.8 | 27.1 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 78.9 ± 6.0 | 88.8 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 | 74.8 ± 5.8 | 84.4 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
High school education or above, n (%) | 145 (23.8) | 69 (17.1) | 0.010 | 315 (20.1) | 117 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle factors | ||||||
 Current smokers, n (%) | 308 (50.3) | 184 (45.5) | 0.136 | 8 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | 0.910 |
 Current drinkers, n (%) | 33 (5.4) | 21 (5.2) | 0.895 | 8 (0.5) | 5 (0.6) | 0.780 |
 Active physical activity, n (%) | 141 (23.0) | 74 (18.3) | 0.068 | 294 (18.7) | 149 (17.9) | 0.609 |
Metabolic profile | ||||||
 Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 0.896 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 137.1 ± 18.8 | 145.4 ± 18.8 | < 0.001 | 135.5 ± 19.5 | 144.6 ± 20.1 | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.4 ± 9.3 | 86.0 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 | 79.8 ± 9.9 | 83.8 ± 9.9 | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 0.313 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 0.001 |
 HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
 LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 0.063 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
 Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 0.012 | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | < 0.001 |
 HOMA-IR | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.6 (1.1–2.2) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | < 0.001 |
White blood cell (109/L) | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 88 (14.4) | 71 (17.5) | 0.186 | 119 (7.6) | 101 (12.1) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 321 (52.5) | 278 (68.8) | < 0.001 | 688 (44.0) | 552 (66.3) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 173 (28.3) | 190 (46.9) | < 0.001 | 475 (30.3) | 312 (37.5) |  < 0.001 |
Body composition | ||||||
 Fat mass (kg) | 13.1 ± 3.5 | 20.1 ± 4.5 |  < 0.001 | 16.2 ± 3.9 | 24.4 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
 Fat-free mass (kg) | 47.7 ± 4.3 | 51.9 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 | 37.1 ± 3.4 | 38.8 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
 Fat-to-fat free mass ratio | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
NAFLD cases, n (%) | 94 (15.4) | 139 (34.3) | < 0.001 | 216 (13.8) | 272 (32.7) | < 0.001 |