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Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for hypertension associated with frequency of spicy food consumption among adults in Zhejiang

From: Association between frequency of spicy food consumption and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China

Frequency of spicy food intake

N. participants

Univariate

Multivariable

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Total

 Never

34,513

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 < 1 times/week

12,781

0.89 (0.86–0.93)

1.06 (1.01–1.10)

1.05 (1.01–1.10)

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

 1–2 times/week

3109

0.77 (0.71–0.83)

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

0.98 (0.91–1.07)

 ≥ 3 times/week

3513

0.74 (0.69–0.79)

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

0.97 (0.90–1.04)

0.88 (0.82–0.96)

 Ptrend

 

 < 0.0001

0.86

0.74

0.02

Malesa

 Never

13,211

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 < 1 times/week

5900

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

1.10 (1.03–1.17)

1.08 (1.01–1.15)

1.02 (0.95–1.09)

 1–2 times/week

1581

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

1.17 (1.05–1.30)

1.17 (1.05–1.31)

1.07 (0.95–1.20)

 ≥ 3 times/week

1881

0.83 (0.75–0.92)

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

0.91(0.81–1.01)

 Ptrend

 

 < 0.0001

0.02

0.02

0.39

Femalesa

 Never

21,302

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

 < 1 times/week

6881

0.85 (0.80–0.90)

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

 1–2 times/week

1528

0.62 (0.56–0.69)

0.87 (0.78–0.98)

0.89 (0.79–0.99)

0.90 (0.79–1.01)

 ≥ 3 times/week

1632

0.60 (0.54–0.67)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)

0.90 (0.80–1.00)

0.88 (0.78–0.99)

 Ptrend

 

< 0.0001

0.02

0.06

0.04

  1. In model 1, odds ratios were adjusted for age (continuous) and sex. Model 2 included additional adjustment for education level (no formal school, primary school, middle school, and high school or above), household income (≤ 19,999 yuan, 20,000–34,999 yuan, ≥ 35,000 yuan), Model 3 included additional adjustment for cigarettes consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), alcohol consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), physical activity (continuous), meat consumption (daily and non-daily), fruit consumption (daily and non-daily), BMI (continuous), WC (continuous), snoring (never, occasional, and habitual), sleep duration (continuous)
  2. aWithout adjustment for sex