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Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted β coefficients for systolic blood pressure associated with frequency of spicy food consumption among adults in Zhejiang

From: Association between frequency of spicy food consumption and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China

 

Frequency of spicy food consumption

Ptrend

Never

< 1 times/week

1–2 times/week

≥ 3 times/week

N. participants (total)

34,513

12,781

3109

3513

 

 SBP, mmHg

135.9 ± 21.4

134.8 ± 20.8

132.6 ± 20.2

132.6 ± 20.7

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 1.14 (− 1.57, − 0.71)

− 3.39 (− 4.16, − 2.61)

− 3.36 (− 4.09, − 2.62)

< 0.0001

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.73 (0.32, 1.14)

− 0.20 (− 0.94, 0.55)

− 0.30 (− 1.00, 0.41)

0.88

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.74 (0.32, 1.15)

− 0.06 (− 0.81, 0.69)

− 0.21 (− 0.92, 0.49)

0.63

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.31 (− 0.08, 0.71)

− 0.41 (− 1.13, 0.31)

− 0.96 (− 1.64, − 0.27)

0.03

N. participants (males)a

13,211

5900

1581

1881

 

 SBP, mmHg

137.0 ± 20.8

136.3 ± 19.9

134.8 ± 19.7

135.5 ± 20.4

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 0.74 (− 1.37, − 0.11)

− 2.24 (− 3.31, − 1.17)

− 1.55 (− 2.54, − 0.56)

< 0.0001

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

1.02 (0.40, 1.63)

0.52 (− 0.52, 1.56)

0.84 (− 0.12, 1.80)

0.01

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.94 (0.32, 1.55)

0.61 (− 0.43, 1.65)

0.87 (− 0.09, 1.84)

0.01

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.19 (− 0.40, 0.79)

− 0.43 (− 1.44, 0.57)

− 0.60 (− 1.54, 0.34)

0.24

N. participants (females)a

21,302

6881

1528

1632

 

 SBP, mmHg

135.3 ± 21.8

133.5 ± 21.5

130.3 ± 20.4

129.3 ± 20.6

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 1.74 (− 2.33, − 1.15)

− 5.01 (− 6.13, − 3.89)

− 6.01 (− 7.09, − 4.92)

< 0.0001

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.52 (− 0.04, 1.08)

− 0.92 (− 1.98, 0.14)

− 1.44 (− 2.47, − 0.41)

0.03

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.59 (0.04, 1.15)

− 0.69 (− 1.75, 0.37)

− 1.23 (− 2.27, − 0.20)

0.12

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.46 (− 0.08, 0.99)

− 0.37 (− 1.39, 0.64)

− 1.06 (− 2.06, − 0.07)

0.03

  1. In model 1, odds ratios were adjusted for age (continuous) and sex. Model 2 included additional adjustment for education level (no formal school, primary school, middle school and high school or above), household income (≤ 19,999 yuan, 20,000–34,999 yuan, ≥ 35,000 yuan), Model 3 included additional adjustment for cigarettes consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), alcohol consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), physical activity (continuous), meat consumption (daily and non-daily), fruit consumption (daily and non-daily), BMI (continuous), WC (continuous), snoring (never, occasional, and habitual snoring), sleep duration (continuous)
  2. aWithout adjustment for sex