| Frequency of spicy food consumption | Ptrend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | < 1 times/week | 1–2 times/week | ≥ 3 times/week | ||
N. participants (total) | 34,513 | 12,781 | 3109 | 3513 | Â |
 SBP, mmHg | 135.9 ± 21.4 | 134.8 ± 20.8 | 132.6 ± 20.2 | 132.6 ± 20.7 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 1.14 (− 1.57, − 0.71) | − 3.39 (− 4.16, − 2.61) | − 3.36 (− 4.09, − 2.62) | < 0.0001 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.73 (0.32, 1.14) | − 0.20 (− 0.94, 0.55) | − 0.30 (− 1.00, 0.41) | 0.88 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.74 (0.32, 1.15) | − 0.06 (− 0.81, 0.69) | − 0.21 (− 0.92, 0.49) | 0.63 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.31 (− 0.08, 0.71) | − 0.41 (− 1.13, 0.31) | − 0.96 (− 1.64, − 0.27) | 0.03 |
N. participants (males)a | 13,211 | 5900 | 1581 | 1881 | Â |
 SBP, mmHg | 137.0 ± 20.8 | 136.3 ± 19.9 | 134.8 ± 19.7 | 135.5 ± 20.4 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 0.74 (− 1.37, − 0.11) | − 2.24 (− 3.31, − 1.17) | − 1.55 (− 2.54, − 0.56) | < 0.0001 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 1.02 (0.40, 1.63) | 0.52 (− 0.52, 1.56) | 0.84 (− 0.12, 1.80) | 0.01 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.94 (0.32, 1.55) | 0.61 (− 0.43, 1.65) | 0.87 (− 0.09, 1.84) | 0.01 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.19 (− 0.40, 0.79) | − 0.43 (− 1.44, 0.57) | − 0.60 (− 1.54, 0.34) | 0.24 |
N. participants (females)a | 21,302 | 6881 | 1528 | 1632 | Â |
 SBP, mmHg | 135.3 ± 21.8 | 133.5 ± 21.5 | 130.3 ± 20.4 | 129.3 ± 20.6 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 1.74 (− 2.33, − 1.15) | − 5.01 (− 6.13, − 3.89) | − 6.01 (− 7.09, − 4.92) | < 0.0001 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.52 (− 0.04, 1.08) | − 0.92 (− 1.98, 0.14) | − 1.44 (− 2.47, − 0.41) | 0.03 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.59 (0.04, 1.15) | − 0.69 (− 1.75, 0.37) | − 1.23 (− 2.27, − 0.20) | 0.12 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.46 (− 0.08, 0.99) | − 0.37 (− 1.39, 0.64) | − 1.06 (− 2.06, − 0.07) | 0.03 |