| Frequency of spicy food consumption | Ptrend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never | < 1 times/week | 1–2 times/week | ≥ 3 times/week | ||
N. participants (total) | 34,513 | 12,781 | 3109 | 3513 | Â |
 DBP, mmHg | 80.3 ± 10.7 | 80.6 ± 10.8 | 80.3 ± 10.7 | 80.5 ± 11.1 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.30 (0.09, 0.52) | 0.06 (− 0.34, 0.45) | 0.20 (− 0.17, 0.57) | 0.08 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.21 (− 0.01, 0.43) | − 0.09 (− 0.48, 0.31) | − 0.01 (− 0.38, 0.36) | 0.75 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.18 (− 0.03, 0.40) | − 0.02 (− 0.41, 0.38) | 0.04 (− 0.33, 0.41) | 0.55 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 0.04 (− 0.26, 0.17) | − 0.23 (− 0.61, 0.15) | − 0.39 (− 0.75, − 0.02) | 0.03 |
N. participants (males)a | 13,211 | 5900 | 1581 | 1881 | Â |
 DBP, mmHg | 81.5 ± 11.0 | 82.0 ± 11.0 | 81.8 ± 11.0 | 82.1 ± 11.5 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.45 (0.11, 0.79) | 0.30 (− 0.27, 0.87) | 0.65 (0.11, 1.18) | 0.004 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.46 (0.11, 0.80) | 0.31 (− 0.27, 0.89) | 0.66 (0.12, 1.19) | 0.004 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.36 (0.02, 0.71) | 0.36 (− 0.22, 0.94) | 0.68 (0.14, 1.22) | 0.004 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 0.07 (− 0.40, 0.27) | − 0.24 (− 0.80, 0.32) | − 0.16 (− 0.68, 0.36) | 0.38 |
N. participants (females)a | 21,302 | 6881 | 1528 | 1632 | Â |
 DBP, mmHg | 79.5 ± 10.4 | 79.4 ± 10.4 | 78.8 ± 10.3 | 78.6 ± 10.3 |  |
  Unadjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 0.11 (− 0.40, 0.17) | − 0.70 (− 1.24, − 0.16) | − 0.97 (− 1.49, − 0.44) |  < 0.0001 |
  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.31) | − 0.45 (− 0.99, 0.09) | − 0.69 (− 1.22, − 0.16) | 0.01 |
  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | 0.05 (− 0.23, 0.34) | − 0.35 (− 0.89, 0.19) | − 0.59 (− 1.12, − 0.06) | 0.04 |
  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI) | Ref | − 0.03 (− 0.30, 0.25) | − 0.25 (− 0.78, 0.28) | − 0.57 (− 1.08, − 0.05) | 0.04 |