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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted β coefficients for diastolic blood pressure associated with frequency of spicy food consumption among adults in Zhejiang

From: Association between frequency of spicy food consumption and hypertension: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China

 

Frequency of spicy food consumption

Ptrend

Never

< 1 times/week

1–2 times/week

≥ 3 times/week

N. participants (total)

34,513

12,781

3109

3513

 

 DBP, mmHg

80.3 ± 10.7

80.6 ± 10.8

80.3 ± 10.7

80.5 ± 11.1

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.30 (0.09, 0.52)

0.06 (− 0.34, 0.45)

0.20 (− 0.17, 0.57)

0.08

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.21 (− 0.01, 0.43)

− 0.09 (− 0.48, 0.31)

− 0.01 (− 0.38, 0.36)

0.75

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.18 (− 0.03, 0.40)

− 0.02 (− 0.41, 0.38)

0.04 (− 0.33, 0.41)

0.55

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 0.04 (− 0.26, 0.17)

− 0.23 (− 0.61, 0.15)

− 0.39 (− 0.75, − 0.02)

0.03

N. participants (males)a

13,211

5900

1581

1881

 

 DBP, mmHg

81.5 ± 11.0

82.0 ± 11.0

81.8 ± 11.0

82.1 ± 11.5

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.45 (0.11, 0.79)

0.30 (− 0.27, 0.87)

0.65 (0.11, 1.18)

0.004

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.46 (0.11, 0.80)

0.31 (− 0.27, 0.89)

0.66 (0.12, 1.19)

0.004

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.36 (0.02, 0.71)

0.36 (− 0.22, 0.94)

0.68 (0.14, 1.22)

0.004

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 0.07 (− 0.40, 0.27)

− 0.24 (− 0.80, 0.32)

− 0.16 (− 0.68, 0.36)

0.38

N. participants (females)a

21,302

6881

1528

1632

 

 DBP, mmHg

79.5 ± 10.4

79.4 ± 10.4

78.8 ± 10.3

78.6 ± 10.3

 

  Unadjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 0.11 (− 0.40, 0.17)

− 0.70 (− 1.24, − 0.16)

− 0.97 (− 1.49, − 0.44)

 < 0.0001

  Model 1 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.02 (− 0.26, 0.31)

− 0.45 (− 0.99, 0.09)

− 0.69 (− 1.22, − 0.16)

0.01

  Model 2 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

0.05 (− 0.23, 0.34)

− 0.35 (− 0.89, 0.19)

− 0.59 (− 1.12, − 0.06)

0.04

  Model 3 adjusted β (95% CI)

Ref

− 0.03 (− 0.30, 0.25)

− 0.25 (− 0.78, 0.28)

− 0.57 (− 1.08, − 0.05)

0.04

  1. In model 1, β coefficients were adjusted for age (continuous) and sex. Model 2 included additional adjustment for education level (no formal school, primary school, middle school and high school or above), household income (≤ 19,999 yuan, 20,000–34,999 yuan, ≥ 35,000 yuan), Model 3 included additional adjustment for cigarettes consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), alcohol consumption (never, occasional, former, and current), physical activity (continuous), meat consumption (daily and non-daily), fruit consumption (daily and non-daily), BMI (continuous), WC (continuous), snoring (never, occasional, and habitual snoring), sleep duration (continuous)
  2. aWithout adjustment for sex