Table 1 Characteristics of the NGT and GDM groups in the second and third trimesters

Age (years)

29 (27,30)

29 (27,30)

0.117

31 (29,34)

31 (29,35)

0.208

Pregestational BMI (kg/m²)

20.33 ± 2.58

20.72 ± 2.77

0.151

21.33 ± 2.26

21.44 ± 2.39

0.665

Changes of BMI (kg/m²)

5.26 ± 1.31

4.63 ± 1.47

 < 0.001

5.6 ± 1.46

4.68 ± 1.61

 < 0.001

Gestational age (week)

25.71 (24.86, 26.43)

25.86 (25, 26.5)

0.925

29 (28, 31.1)

29.29 (28, 31.1)

0.395

FBG (mmol/L)

4.4 ± 0.32

4.56 ± 0.38

 < 0.001

4.49 ± 0.25

4.63 ± 0.33

 < 0.001

1 h-PG (mmol/L)

7.22 ± 1.29

9.67 ± 1.34

 < 0.001

7.35 ± 1.37

9.94 ± 1.51

 < 0.001

2 h-PG (mmol/L)

6.27 ± 0.92

8.5 ± 1.35

 < 0.001

6.44 ± 1.06

8.79 ± 1.56

 < 0.001

HbA1c

 < 0.001

0.962

mmol/mol

32.47 ± 2.08

33.45 ± 2.53

32.93 ± 3.52

32.94 ± 3.14

%

5.12 ± 0.19

5.21 ± 0.23

5.16 ± 0.32

5.16 ± 0.29

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

6.13 ± 1.05

5.83 ± 1.11

0.005

6.64 ± 1.22

6.13 ± 1.16

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.93 ± 0.65

2.33 ± 0.86

 < 0.001

2.91 ± 1.38

2.94 ± 1.78

0.850

LDL-C (mmol/L)

2.91 ± 0.74

3.24 ± 0.96

 < 0.001

3.29 ± 0.89

3.40 ± 0.91

0.233

HDL-C (mmol/L)

2.05 ± 0.37

2.02 ± 0.42

0.488

1.98 ± 0.39

1.95 ± 0.40

0.395

Delivery gestational age (week)

39 (38,40)

39 (38,40)

0.120

39 (39,40)

39 (38,40)

0.004

Neonatal weight (kg)

3.29 ± 0.38

3.23 ± 0.46

0.127

3.38 ± 0.39

3.26 ± 0.41

0.005

Neonatal length (cm)

50 (50,50)

50 (50,50)

0.214

50 (50,51)

50 (50,50)

0.010

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

5(2.5)

48(24)

 < 0.001

27(13.6)

53(26.6)

0.001