Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants (n = 8249) in Taiwan. a. Across CVAI quartiles; b. Across ABSI quartiles

a. CVAI quartiles

Age, years

74.55 (7.00)

74.31 (7.06)

74.67 (7.45)

75.30 (7.25)

0.025

70.20 (5.26)

72.32 (6.14)

74.68 (6.79)

77.40 (7.09)

 < 0.001

BMI, kg/m²

21.22 (2.16)

23.63 (1.78)

25.23 (1.88)

27.80 (2.77)

 < 0.001

20.81 (2.15)

23.23 (1.98)

25.03 (2.17)

28.15 (3.29)

 < 0.001

SBP, mmHg

131.89 (19.99)

135.18 (18.90)

135.79 (19.05)

137.62 (18.99)

 < 0.001

131.62 (20.71)

136.22 (20.16)

139.93 (20.59)

144.63 (21.53)

 < 0.001

DBP, mmHg

73.24 (12.00)

75.00 (11.09)

75.67 (11.37)

76.36 (11.51)

 < 0.001

71.01 (11.37)

72.86 (11.66)

74.05 (11.30)

74.75 (11.71)

 < 0.001

WC, cm

75.49 (4.92)

84.10 (2.65)

89.42 (2.79)

98.42 (5.75)

 < 0.001

71.90 (5.82)

78.60 (5.49)

84.07 (5.73)

92.77 (8.93)

 < 0.001

HbA1c, %

5.89

(0.87)

6.02

(0.88)

6.39

(1.30)

6.59

(1.34)

 < 0.001

5.83

(0.83)

6.03

(0.78)

6.48

(1.22)

6.74

(1.27)

 < 0.001

FPG, mmol/l

5.62 (1.03)

5.80 (1.09)

5.94 (1.15)

6.34 (1.68)

 < 0.001

5.47 (0.86)

5.71 (1.06)

6.01 (1.50)

6.40 (1.84)

 < 0.001

TC, mmol/l

4.92 (0.88)

4.84 (0.91)

4.86 (0.95)

4.68 (0.87)

 < 0.001

5.37 (0.87)

5.30 (0.94)

5.20 (0.94)

5.13 (0.96)

 < 0.001

TG, mmol/l

0.79 (0.61–1.05)

0.99 (0.75–1.39)

1.25 (0.90–1.71)

1.41 (1.04–1.99)

 < 0.001

0.79 (0.63–1.02)

1.10 (0.86–1.47)

1.32 (1.02–1.82)

1.63 (1.23–2.24)

 < 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/l

1.56 (0.39)

1.30 (0.31)

1.20 (0.27)

1.08 (0.24)

 < 0.001

1.83 (0.40)

1.56 (0.36)

1.42 (0.33)

1.29 (0.31)

 < 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/l

2.96 (0.79)

3.01 (0.83)

3.00 (0.86)

2.85 (0.82)

 < 0.001

3.15 (0.80)

3.21 (0.85)

3.13 (0.83)

3.06 (0.87)

 < 0.001

UA, mg/dl

5.79 (1.27)

6.15 (1.30)

6.43 (1.45)

6.62 (1.48)

 < 0.001

4.67 (1.00)

5.08 (1.08)

5.44 (1.25)

5.88 (1.45)

 < 0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

75.7 (20.1)

72.1 (19.2)

69.3 (19.1)

68.8 (20.5)

 < 0.001

84.6 (20.1)

80.1 (20.4)

75.7 (22.1)

69.2 (21.8)

 < 0.001

Smoking, n (%)

119 (13.22)

115 (12.78)

134 (14.89)

138 (15.33)

0.325

12 (1.03)

12 (1.03)

18 (1.55)

17 (1.46)

0.549

Drinking, n (%)

235 (26.11)

266 (29.56)

251 (27.89)

234 (26.00)

0.278

77 (6.63)

90 (7.74)

69 (5.94)

57 (4.91)

0.039

Exercise, n (%)

243 (27.00)

217 (24.11)

198 (22.00)

186 (20.67)

0.009

189 (16.27)

286 (24.59)

320 (27.54)

290 (24.96)

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

103 (11.44)

141 (15.67)

188 (20.89)

290 (32.22)

 < 0.001

80 (6.88)

141 (12.12)

245 (21.08)

351 (30.21)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia Tx

134 (14.9)

201 (22.3)

219 (24.3)

251 (27.9)

 < 0.001

284 (24.4)

370 (31.8)

344 (29.6)

408 (35.1)

 < 0.001

HTN, n (%)

108 (12.00)

115 (12.78)

146 (16.22)

125 (13.89)

0.053

121 (10.41)

183 (15.74)

218 (18.76)

215 (18.50)

 < 0.001

CVD, n (%)

105 (11.67)

131 (14.56)

163 (18.11)

186 (20.67)

 < 0.001

84 (7.23)

140 (12.04)

178 (15.32)

259 (22.29)

 < 0.001

ABSI

0.126 (0.008)

0.131 (0.007)

0.134 (0.008)

0.138 (0.008)

 < 0.001

0.118 (0.017)

0.120 (0.010)

0.122 (0.010)

0.124 (0.011)

 < 0.001

b. ABSI quartiles

Age, years

74.91 (7.09)

74.92 (7.15)

74.06 (6.92)

74.94 (7.58)

0.022

73.42 (6.67)

73.05 (6.58)

73.20 (6.83)

74.93 (7.34)

 < 0.001

BMI, Kg/m²

24.12 (3.31)

24.64 (3.04)

24.67 (3.34)

24.46 (3.23)

0.001

24.64 (3.83)

24.39 (3.56)

24.21 (3.39)

23.98 (3.72)

 < 0.001

SBP, mmHg

134.90 (19.90)

134.74 (19.22)

136.35 (19.17)

134.50 (19.04)

0.170

139.16 (22.30)

137.64 (21.54)

137.30 (20.48)

138.30 (20.77)

0.161

DBP, mmHg

74.11 (11.50)

74.48 (10.95)

76.17 (11.99)

75.50 (11.63)

 < 0.001

73.33 (11.97)

73.13 (11.27)

72.71 (11.39)

73.51 (11.72)

0.380

WC, cm

79.85 (8.00)

85.56 (7.23)

88.92 (8.21)

93.11 (8.45)

 < 0.001

75.14 (8.17)

79.64 (7.97)

83.18 (8.14)

89.38 (10.28)

 < 0.001

HbA1c, %

6.04

(0.91)

6.23

(1.15)

6.31

(1.16)

6.50

(1.43)

 < 0.001

6.12

(0.90)

6.32

(1.03)

6.40

(1.16)

6.54

(1.42)

 < 0.001

FPG, mmol/l

5.76 (1.07)

5.84 (1.07)

5.97 (1.27)

6.13 (1.63)

 < 0.001

5.72 (1.13)

5.90 (1.42)

5.93 (1.41)

6.04 (1.64)

 < 0.001

TC, mmol/l

4.85 (0.87)

4.87 (0.92)

4.81 (0.88)

4.78 (0.94)

0.101

5.27 (0.91)

5.29 (0.93)

5.24 (0.96)

5.21 (0.93)

0.195

TG, mmol/l

0.95 (0.70–1.40)

1.10 (0.78–1.53)

1.11 (0.80–1.58)

1.16 (0.82–1.66)

 < 0.001

1.06 (0.80–1.49)

1.16 (0.82–1.62)

1.20 (0.88–1.70)

1.25 (0.90–1.76)

 < 0.001

HDL-C, mmol/l

1.36 (0.39)

1.31 (0.36)

1.25 (0.34)

1.22 (0.31)

 < 0.001

1.60 (0.42)

1.54 (0.39)

1.49 (0.38)

1.48 (0.41)

 < 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/l

2.96 (0.79)

2.98 (0.83)

2.95 (0.83)

2.94 (0.86)

0.760

3.14 (0.79)

3.16 (0.85)

3.14 (0.86)

3.11 (0.85)

0.426

UA, mg/dl

6.13 (1.36)

6.24 (1.37)

6.20 (1.39)

6.40 (1.50)

0.006

5.13 (1.26)

5.30 (1.28)

5.32 (1.27)

5.36 (1.33)

0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

71.3 (19.9)

71.3 (19.2)

72.0 (19.8)

71.1 (20.7)

0.76

77.9 (21.2)

78.1 (21.1)

76.9 (22.1)

76.7 (23.1)

0.02

Smoking, n (%)

107 (11.89)

119 (13.22)

135 (15.00)

145 (16.11)

0.050

9 (0.77)

14 (1.20)

14 (1.20)

22 (1.89)

0.114

Drinking, n (%)

211 (23.44)

253 (28.11)

244 (27.11)

278 (30.89)

0.005

70 (6.02)

74 (6.37)

72 (6.19)

77 (6.63)

0.942

Exercise, n (%)

259 (28.78)

233 (25.89)

188 (20.89)

164 (18.22)

 < 0.001

334 (28.74)

250 (21.51)

227 (19.52)

274 (23.58)

 < 0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

151 (16.78)

151 (16.78)

197 (21.89)

223 (24.78)

 < 0.001

152 (13.08)

194 (16.70)

205 (17.63)

266 (22.89)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia Tx

199 (21.1)

213 (23.6)

204 (22.0)

189 (22.8)

0.6

400 (30.9)

329 (29.0)

357 (31.1)

320 (29.9)

0.67

HTN, n (%)

138 (15.33)

130 (14.44)

113 (12.56)

113 (12.56)

0.218

210 (18.07)

174 (14.97)

188 (16.17)

165 (14.20)

0.059

CVD, n (%)

137 (15.22)

155 (17.22)

132 (14.67)

161 (17.89)

0.190

179 (15.40)

158 (13.60)

157 (13.50)

167 (14.37)

0.527

CVAI

80.93 (37.22)

105.64 (33.47)

119.72 (36.68)

137.75 (37.43)

 < 0.001

109.70 (33.84)

114.92 (32.36)

119.67 (31.45)

129.33 (34.19)

 < 0.001