Fig. 3

Postprandial changes in plasma inflammatory markers and appetite hormones in T2D, obese and control subjects after a standard meal test consisting of either a conventional meat burger (M-meal) or a plant-based tofu burger (V-meal). Data are expressed as the mean with a 95% CI. *Indicates the difference between T2D and obese men, ¶ difference between obese and control men, and # difference between T2D and control men at α = 0.05. (A) TNFα (*, ¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 0.6, p = 0.44; Time: F = 3.7, p = 0.007; Meal × Time: F = 0.6, p = 0.664. Obese: Meal: F = 0.6, p = 0.434; Time: F = 3.6, p = 0.008; Meal × Time: F = 0.3, p = 0.91. Controls: Meal: F = 8.1, p = 0.005; Time: F = 0.8, p = 0.544; Meal × Time: F = 0.3, p = 0.864. (B) MCP-1 (¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 0.2, p = 0.671; Time: F = 7.8, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 1.5, p = 0.211. Obese: Meal: F = 1.5, p = 0.228; Time: F = 3.6, p = 0.008; Meal × Time: F = 0.5, p = 0.775. Controls: Meal: F = 1.5, p = 0.23; Time: F = 3.9, p = 0.005; Meal × Time: F = 0.8, p = 0.517. (C) Leptin (*, ¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 10.2, p = 0.002; Time: F = 7.4, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.2, p = 0.951. Obese: Meal: F = 0.2, p = 0.633; Time: F = 4.6, p = 0.002; Meal × Time: F = 0.2, p = 0.945. Controls: Meal: F = 103.7, p < 0.001; Time: F = 4.4, p = 0.002; Meal × Time: F = 0, p = 1. (D) Ghrelin (¶, #). T2D: Meal: F = 1.4, p = 0.246; Time: F = 11.2, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 1, p = 0.417. Obese: Meal: F = 2.4, p = 0.124; Time: F = 23.5, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 1.9, p = 0.11. Controls: Meal: F = 1.7, p = 0.201; Time: F = 54.3, p < 0.001; Meal × Time: F = 0.4, p = 0.832