|
Variables
|
Total (n = 5377)
|
Non-MAFLD (n = 3806)
|
MAFLD (n = 1571)
|
p value
|
|---|
|
Demographic variables
|
|
Men (%)
|
2173 (40.4)
|
1618 (42.5)
|
555 (35.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Age (years)
|
67 (60–71)
|
67 (57–71)
|
67 (63–71)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Married (%)
|
4744 (88.4)
|
3363 (88.5)
|
1381 (88.2)
|
0.825
|
|
High school and above (%)
|
963 (17.9)
|
654 (17.2)
|
309 (19.7)
|
0.033
|
|
High-income (%)
|
2831 (53.5)
|
1931 (51.5)
|
900 (58.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Chronic disease
|
|
Hypertension (%)
|
3136 (58.3)
|
2022 (53.1)
|
1114 (70.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
T2DM (%)
|
830 (15.4)
|
438 (11.5)
|
392 (25.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Metabolic dysregulation (%)
|
1888 (35.2)
|
913 (24.1)
|
975 (62.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Overweight/obesity (%)
|
3419 (63.7)
|
2000 (52.7)
|
1419 (90.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Central obesity (%)
|
3001 (56.0)
|
1694 (44.6)
|
1307 (83.4)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Drugs
|
|
Antihypertensive (%)
|
1771 (33.1)
|
1060 (28.0)
|
711 (45.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hypoglycemic drugs (%)
|
628 (11.8)
|
335 (8.9)
|
293 (18.8)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Lipid-lowering drugs (%)
|
152 (2.8)
|
96 (2.5)
|
56 (3.6)
|
0.042
|
|
Physical index
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
24.31 ± 3.52
|
23.3 ± 3.12
|
26.75 ± 3.22
|
< 0.001
|
|
WC (cm)
|
85.48 ± 9.54
|
82.98 ± 8.87
|
91.53 ± 8.32
|
< 0.001
|
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
136.77 ± 19.50
|
135.10 ± 19.61
|
140.80 ± 18.65
|
< 0.001
|
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
81.52 ± 10.84
|
80.90 ± 10.89
|
83.01 ± 10.58
|
< 0.001
|
|
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
|
55.25 ± 15.36
|
54.20 ± 15.15
|
57.79 ± 15.58
|
< 0.001
|
|
MAP (mmHg)
|
99.94 ± 12.36
|
98.97 ± 12.5
|
102.28 ± 11.69
|
< 0.001
|
|
Clinical index
| | | |
< 0.001
|
|
FPG (mmol/L)
|
4.95 (4.55–5.52)
|
4.85 (4.48–5.33)
|
5.27 (4.77–6.03)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ALT (IU/L)
|
20 (16–27)
|
19 (15–25)
|
23 (18–32)
|
< 0.001
|
|
AST (IU/L)
|
22 (18–26)
|
21 (18–25)
|
22 (19–27)
|
< 0.001
|
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.34 (0.96–1.95)
|
1.20 (0.88–1.69)
|
1.80 (1.29–2.53)
|
< 0.001
|
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
5.23 ± 1.07
|
5.2 ± 1.07
|
5.31 ± 1.07
|
< 0.001
|
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.36 ± 0.34
|
1.4 ± 0.36
|
1.25 ± 0.27
|
< 0.001
|
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
3.21 ± 0.91
|
3.19 ± 0.91
|
3.27 ± 0.92
|
0.003
|
|
UA (μmol/L)
|
364.68 ± 98.07
|
353.02 ± 95.35
|
392.92 ± 98.86
|
< 0.001
|
|
Lifestyle
|
|
Current smoking (%)
|
724 (13.5)
|
584 (15.3)
|
140 (8.9)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Drinking (%)
|
267 (5.0)
|
182 (4.8)
|
85 (5.4)
|
0.366
|
|
Physical activity (MET-min/week)
|
1779 (1386–3465)
|
2076 (1386–3906)
|
1386 (1386–3066)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Frequency of soups (%)
| | | |
< 0.001
|
|
< 1 per month
|
894 (16.8)
|
580 (15.4)
|
314 (20.2)
| |
|
< 1 per week
|
166 (3.1)
|
113 (3.0)
|
53 (3.4)
| |
|
1–2 per week
|
712 (13.4)
|
495 (13.1)
|
217 (14.0)
| |
|
3–4 per week
|
2083 (39.1)
|
1588 (42.0)
|
495 (31.9)
| |
|
5–6 per week
|
730 (13.7)
|
530 (14.0)
|
200 (12.9)
| |
|
Daily
|
745 (14.0)
|
471 (12.5)
|
274 (17.6)
| |
- Values were means ± SD or medians in cases of continuous variables and numbers (percentages) in case of categorical data. For differences across the groups of calculated with χ2 test and analysis of variance for categorical and continuous data, respectively
- MAFLD metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, FPG fasting plasma glucose, LDL low-density lipoprotein, TG triglyceride, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, TC total cholesterol, HDL high-density lipoprotein, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, SD standard deviation
