Table 1 Summary of chronodisruption-induced metabolic phenotype

In white adipocyte

ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice

Obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia; Circadian rhythm of lipolytic activity were abolished

[49, 61]

Clock-siRNA-infected 3T3-L1 cells

Promote adipogenesis differentiation and lipid synthesis

[50]

Bmal1-siRNA-infected 3T3-L1 cells

Prevent adipogenesis and decrease expression of lipogenesis genes

[51]

Bmal1 − / − mice

Decrease novo lipogenesis; Circadian rhythm of lipolytic activity were abolished; Reduced capacity of fat storage in adipose tissue and increased ectopic fat

[52, 61, 62]

Up-regulated expression of Rev-erbα in 3T3-L1 cells

Promote adipogenesis

[53]

Rev-erbα-deficient mice

Deregulated lipid metabolism

[54]

Cry − / − mice

Reduced fat accumulation

[56]

Cry-shRNA-infected 3T3-L1 cells

Expression of adipogenic markers and lipid droplet formation were inhibited

[57]

Per3 − / − mice

Increased adipogenesis

[58]

In brown adipocyte

Clock mutant mice

Increased lipid accumulation and loss of multilocular appearance in brown adipocytes

[70]

Brown adipocyte Bmal1 KO mice

Disrupted fatty acid utilization in brown adipocyte and obesity

[71]

Bmal1 − / − mice

Increased lipid accumulation in brown adipocytes and dysregulated adaptive thermogenesis; Increased brown adipogenesis and clod tolerance

[72, 73]

Rev-erbα − / − mice

Impaired brown adipogenesis; Disordered rhythms of body temperature and brown adipocyte activity

[74, 75]

Rorα-deficient staggerer mice

Enhanced thermogenesis in brown adipocyte

[76]

Per2-mutant mice

Impaired adaptive thermogenesis

[77]